Re-Use, Retrofit & Renew(able): The Three Green R's For Resuscitating & Renewing Existing Buildings
Martine Dion
BuildingEnergy08
A Better Way to Rate Green Buildings
Henry Gifford
NE Sun Spring, 2009
A Climate of Change
Solitaire Townsend
NE Sun Spring, 2007
A Green Grand Tour
Bruce Coldham
NE Sun Winter 2001-2002
A Market Transformation Approach to Renewable Energy in Green Buildings
Dick Tinsman
NE Sun Fall, 2004
A Move Towards Green Schools
Meghan Houlihan
NE Sun Spring, 2002
A Stealth Green Building
Marc Rosenbaum, P.E.
NE Sun Fall, 2002
A Tale of Two States Energy Plans in New York
Michael Colgrove
BuildingEnergy10
A Vermont Roadmap to a Zero-Carbon Building Sector by 2050
Blair Hamilton
BuildingEnergy 11
VEIC_ SPLASH_TYPE.jpg 0004C53C Macintosh HD BBA3A940:
Blair Hamilton
NESEA -March 9, 2011
Moving to a Sustainable
Energy Future
BUSINESS AS USUAL ENERGY USE
TIME
EFFICIENCY RESOURCES & REDUCED USE
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
UNSUSTAINABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
Vermont Climate Goals: 20 Years of Aiming Low and Achieving Lower
25% by 2012
•What if we shift national, state and community energy planning, policy and decision-making to focus on the climate results?
MC900156815[1]
•Shift from planning, regulating and investing based on current energy supply economics to least-cost achievement of climate goals (e.g., 80% reduction or 350 ppm by 2050)?
•A top-down and results-oriented approach to planning and policy is increasingly being used outside the US -particularly in Europe where carbon goals are considered by many to be "Legally Binding"
MC900156815[1]
•This Vermont analysis is a work-in-progress, exploring what it might look like for Vermont to achieve 2050 climate goals, starting with the building sector.
•The building sector will need to be zero carbon by 2050 -or close to zero.
•Efficiency is the least-cost option to provide the bulk of building-sector carbon reductions.
Assume the following hypotheses, if you will:
A Reasonable Mix of Strategies to Achieve Zero Carbon in Buildings by 2050
20 % On-Site Zero-Carbon Energy Supply
60 % Reduction in Consumption Through Efficiency
20 %Supply from a De-Carbonized Electric Grid
Components of a Vermont Roadmap to 2050
1.New Technologies
2.New Delivery Strategies
3.Expanded Infrastructure
4.New Policies
1. New Technology Examples
•Phase change material built-in to building components
•Windows with thermal performance equal to walls
•Easy and effective building air sealing systems w/associated ventilation
•User-aware, self-optimizing and self-diagnosing controls for equipment
•Improved heat recovery technology and controls for all sizes of loads
•Continued advances in solid-state lighting, including substrate growth improvements, AC compatibility, improved fixture design and thermoelectric generation from waste heat
•(Many more in full paper)
1. New Technologies
•But it's important to remember that many technologies, if not most of them, that we will rely upon to meet 2050 goals are not, as yet, known.
•Our energy forecasts and plans should not be constrained by our limited ability to account for new technologies.
•We tend to assume new technology will cost more and save less, but what is our experience?
From David Goldstein
Lighting Technology Development
2. New Delivery Strategies to get to 2050
•More relationship-based strategies
•Individualized building retrofit roadmaps
•More community-based strategies
•More upstream strategies
•Widespread new financing essential
•Smart-meter enabled strategies
3. Expanded Infrastructure to get to 2050
Potential Infrastructure Components:
•Expanded Sustainable Energy Utility
•New Vermont Green Energy Bank
•New Vermont Sustainable Energy Loan Guarantee Fund
•More and Better Skilled Contractors -and more who can do the whole job
•Current incremental and voluntary strategies are far too slow to meet necessary climate goals.
•When it comes to climate, Time Matters.
•We will need to transition to massive market-based investment driven by public policies (e.g. building energy requirements).
4. Policies to get to 2050
4. Policies to Get to 2050
Policy Strategy:New Regulatory Guidance
•Transition to a focus on achieving carbon goals from current government and regulatory policy focused on reducing energy use and cost.
•The least-cost planning paradigm that has served Vermont well in the utility sector will now need to be applied to determining the least-cost path to achieving carbon goals.
•This is a major shift from currently constrained energy resource least-cost planning based on minimizing costs using current and near-term supply costs.
4. Policies to Get to 2050
Policy Strategy:New Construction•New construction codes should require net-zero carbon emissions starting in 2020.
•Ramping up to this will require significant technical assistance and subsidies over the next decade.
•Policies addressing the definition and boundaries of "net zero" will require further development to assure that they address least-cost and other objectives for carbon reduction, with attention to avoiding sub-optimization to inappropriate objectives[1]
4. Policies to Get to 2050
Policy Strategy:Existing BuildingsTime-of-Sale Building Efficiency Requirements•Phase in from 2015 to 2025 as a condition of property transfer
•Relies on long-term mortgage financing, a known financial mechanism with existing infrastructure, to spread out costs over up to thirty years at relatively low interest rates
•Necessary improvements can be made by seller or buyer
•Expanded incrementally -more types of buildings and deeper efficiency
•Greatly reduces need for public subsidiesOther Supporting Strategies for Existing Buildings
•Building rating and labeling
•Delivery infrastructure development
•Innovative financing and loan guarantees
VEIC_Main_no swoosh.jpg 00377C5F Macintosh HD BBA3A940:
Accelerate the Cycle
Putting it All Together -Year-by-Year to 2050
•Assume all new buildings will be net zero carbon starting in 2020
•Focus on achieving 50% reduction through the retrofit of existing buildings: 240,000 residences and 51,000 businesses.
•Assume policies and programs can achieve another 10% savings in the natural replacement market (equipment, appliances and other products), bringing total carbon reduction from efficiency to 60% (to be further explored).
Estimated Average Costs for Deep Retrofits of All of Vermont's Building Stock
Level of Retrofit Savings Building Type 25% 40% 60% Single Detached $10,100 $18,800 $27,500 Commercial/Industrial $27,900 $52,300 $76,600
Path to Retrofitting All Buildings in Vermont by 2050
050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,00020112013201520172019202120232025202720292031203320352037203920412043204520472049Cumulative Number of Retrofits
Annual Number of Retrofits and Depth of Savings
02000400060008000100001200020112013201520172019202120232025202720292031203320352037203920412043204520472049Annual Number of Retrofits 25% Savings Retrofits40% SavingsRetrofits60% Savings RetrofitsRevisits 25% to 60%
A Portfolio of Financing Tools, Evolving Over Time
Mix of Financing Mechanisms in 2013
Annual Investment in Retrofits
$0$50,000,000$100,000,000$150,000,000$200,000,000$250,000,000$300,000,000$350,000,000$400,000,00020112013201520172019202120232025202720292031203320352037203920412043204520472049Annual Private InvestmentAnnual Public Investment
Annual CO2 Reduction from Retrofits
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%20112013201520172019202120232025202720292031203320352037203920412043204520472049Percentage Reduction in CO2Average Annual % ReductionCumulative % Reduction
Annual Direct Employment in Building Retrofit
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,00020112013201520172019202120232025202720292031203320352037203920412043204520472049FTE Jobs
Thank You!
Blair Hamilton
Vermont Energy Investment Corporation
bhamilton@veic.org
802-658-6060 x1024
Accelerating Clean Energy Across the Northeast
David Cash
BuildingEnergy09
Acting Out Energy Forms
Arianna Grindrod
Green Teacher
Advantages and Pitfalls of VRF Air-to-Air Heat Pump Systems
Daniel C. Lewis, PE & Adam S. Kohler, PE
BuildingEnergy10
Affordable Housing Energy Efficiency: Good Results With Good Practices
F. L. Andrew Padian
BuildingEnergy07
Air Change, Ventilation, and Dehumidification for Multi-Family Buildings
Armin Rudd
BuildingEnergy10
Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hydronic System with Inverter Driven Compressor: And Eco-Friendly Solution for Low Energy Homes
Lance Dyer
BuildingEnergy 11
Lance Dyer
Daikin AC Americas, Inc.
ResidentialSolutions Sales Specialist
Daikin Altherma House graphic
ALTHerma MONOBLOC(DENV)
Air-To-Water Heat Pump Hydronic System with Inverter Driven Compressor
An Eco Friendly Solution for Low Energy Homes
Daikin Altherma House graphic
ALTHerma MONOBLOC(DENV)
1.An Electrically Driven Total Comfort air-to-water heat pump system that utilizes an outdoor R-410A heat pump system
2.Most efficient work with an Inverter controlled compressor (variable speed), to extract renewable heat from the outdoor air
3.The system transfers this heat through refrigerant piping to a refrigerant-to-water brazed plate heat exchanger in the hydrobox (indoor unit on split system and incorporated in the outdoor unit on the Self Contained System).
Air-to-Water Heat Pump-What is it?
The air/water heat pump is an interesting alternative for classic gas or fuel oil heating that offer unique benefits:.Uses renewable energy sources (extracts heat from outside air)
.Delivers considerable savings in energy costs
.Delivers a significant contribution in the fight against CO2emissions
.Provide heating, cooling and domestic hot water
Air-to-Water Heat Pump
Heat Pump Concept
Not creating heat energy, only move heat from the outside to the inside.
Localized CO2emissions = 0
A 3-ton Air-to-Water Heat Pump produces 35,300 Btu/h of heat with the equivalent electrical input of 3.17 kW will achieve a 3.26 COP. This is 3 times as efficient or uses a 1/3 of the power as electric resistance heat
Hydronic heating and chilled water cooling systems use water transported through piping to condition the air temperature inside a residence and heat DHW. A heat pump can accomplish all three functions. With hundreds of possible system configurations, the proper design is capable of meeting the exact comfort needs of its owner. Some systems using Air-to-Water Heat Pumps may be as simple as a heating only application connected to a loop of flexible plastic tubing that warms the floor. Others may use Air-to-Water Heat Pumps connected to an assortment of heat emitters like low temperatures radiators, fan coil units, or radiant in floor. Those same applications can also provide a residence with domestic hot water and chilled water for cooling.
Why Hydronic Heating and Chilled Water Cooling?
Whole House Comfort System
•Revolutionary INVERTER driven Air-to-Water Heat Pump Hot Water System aimed at providing a solution primarily for Heating.
•Air-to-Water Heat Pump offers the customer many advantages including:
•Extremely Efficient Operation (versus Fossil Fuel & Resistance Heat Systems)
•Significant Reduction of CO2 emissions
•Possibility to integrate DHW and Cooling
•Heat Pumps are internationally recognized as "Renewable Energy" technology
•Air-to-Water Heat Pump System is extremely flexible and can be configured inmany different ways, here are the different options:
•A) Space Heating Only
•B) Space Heating & DHW Production
•C) Space Heating & DHW Production (With Solar)
•D) Space Heating & Space Cooling
•E) Space Heating, Space Cooling & DHW Production
•F) Space Heating, Space Cooling & DHW Production (With Solar)
New Proof HE Chart.jpg
Higher
Efficiencywith
lower TLW frequency control
COP
Compressor frequency
Outside Temperature
Heating load
T°LW100.4°F/38°C
T°LW86°F/30°C
T°LW78.8°F/26°C
T°LW93.2°F/34°C
100%
40%
14°F/-10°C
60.8°F/16°C
T°LW= temperature to the floor heating loops
Inverter control in combination with outdoor reset control results in excellent efficiencies (COP's).
•Maximum efficiencyby controlling the compressor rpm, for adapting output and requirements.
•Maximum comfortunder all conditions, including stable room temperatures
•Soft start-up
•Increased operating life, due to continuous partial-load operations
Inverter Compressor
Key Technology
Frequency controlled compressor (variable speed)
INVERTER
Key Technology
Benefits of an InverterGreat Heating Performance.Better control of evaporator temperature
.Outdoor unit fan/s speed is increased to achieve greater heat transfer
•Generates higher discharge gas temperature and higher capacity at lower outdoor temperatures
•Allows the heat pump to maintain 50% of its total capacity down to 5F outdoor temperature
How can it be applied?
H/P + Electric B/U
Dual Fuel
100% Heat pump coverage : selection of bigger capacity and higher investment cost heat pump
Best balance between investment cost and running cost, results in lowest Lifecycle Cost
Utilization of Heat Pump then switching over to alternative heat source like boiler for ultra cold climate heating days
http://www.buildingtalk.com/news/dmp/dmp205_01.jpeg
http://homeinspectorintoronto.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/3-300x157.jpg
Under-FloorRadiant Heating
Heat / Cool
Fan Convector
Centralized Ducted Unit
Bath Tub
All Sink & Faucet needs
Showers
Location Customizable
Home Comfort
Ultimate Flexibility
New Construction
Renovation / Replacement
Zoning or Single Zone
Concealed Units or Duct Free exposed
Partial house or Whole House
Self Contained or Split System
Mild Climate
Heat Pump Only
Cold Climate
Ultra-Cold Climate
Space Heating
Cooling
Domestic Hot Water
Solar
Typical conditions for the heating LWT are:
86 to 95°F (at design conditions) for floor heating
86 to 113°F (at design conditions) for fan coil units and
104 to 122°F (at design conditions) for low temperature radiators
Typical conditions for cooling LWT are:
41 to 71°F (at design conditions) for fan coil unit
Selection Conditions for Air-to-Water Heat pump System
A Great Solution for LEED, Low Energy & Net Zero Energy Homes
The Air-to-Water Heat Pump portfolio offers many attributes that make it appealing to the "green" movement with LEED, Low Energy and even Net Zero Energy applications.
Scope
Feature/ Attribute
Environment
1.All Equipment contains materials that are fully recyclable.
2.Inherent design andoperational features mean effective tie in to Grid-Tied Solar PV (Low start up amps, operating amps, no locked rotor amps etc).
3.DHW Production via Optional Solar Thermal solution and using the Air-to-Water heat pump.
4.A Heating and DHW solution with NO Localized CO2 emissions.
Efficiency
1.Enhanced energy savings via Inverter Compressoroperation where energy consumption matches the load.
2.Further savings via theOutdoor Reset Function to control LWT depending on Ambient temperatures.
3.Operational efficiencies (COP up to 4.5)similar to or better than Geo-Thermal WSHP solutions, without the added cost of well drilling, excavation etc
Application
1.Excellent flexibilityfor the architect / designer to apply the Air-to-Water system to suit any home design, scale or performance scope.
2.Unobtrusive and aesthetically pleasing complete Heating, Cooling and DHW
3.Full utilization of hydronic circuit, thus small diameter piping, high heat transfer coefficient and comfort of Low Sound Level In-Floor Radiant, Low Velocity Fan Convectors or Radiators.
LEED Certified
•Received HERS rating of 62 (thus 5-Star+ Home)
•Low environmental impact
•High efficiency system
•Will be incorporated to solar thermal in future
•Already grid tied solar PV
•Low monthly operating costs
•Radiant Heat utilized for enhanced comfort
•1styear home energy costs average less than $2 per day
LEED Platinum Certified
•3-Ton Air-to-Water Heat Pump + DHW solution installed to 1800sqft New Construction Home in Oregon in 2009.
•Customer has been monitoring energy consumption since then.
•Selected as better alternative to Geo-WSHP due to landscaping restrictions.
http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS1hetzjBsX-lxvEcQORqiNYPDQf1-4C9Dt2ye-wA50hez2R9C-
•LocationCalifornia
•Square Footage 2023
•% Energy Star App 100%
•% High Efficiency Lighting 25%
•Insulation Levels Medium
•Glazing U-Value/SGHC 0.6/6.5
•HVAC System 4.5-Ton Air-to-Water H/P
•PV System Size 7.4 KW
•PV System SF 429
•PV System Cost $19,917
•Added Cost Mortgage $107/MO
•OP Cost Standard House $283/MO
•CO2 Emissions Saved (lbs/yr) 10,284
•$ Saved Per Year After Tax $4,571
Net Zero Certified
HERS Certified
•New Hampshire -Twin Ponds Complex
•Type
-Apartment complex with 160 apartments
•Total Area
-160,167sq/ft
•Average apartment size
-1,000sq/ft
•Insulation Level
-R-50
•Energy Level
-Ended up as HERS Certified Index score of 68
•Winter Design Condition
-19.8°F
•Heating Load
-Up to 15,700 Btu/hr per apartment
•Air-to-Water heat pump system selected
-160x 3-Ton Air-to-Water Heat Pump System (total is 480-Tons)
-160x 50Gallon DHW Tanks
•Heating/Cooling Distribution
-Fan Coil Unit for both Cooling and Heating
16
http://cdn.amybsells.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/energyrating.jpg
Conclusions
•Eco-efficient design.
•Utilization of Renewable energy from the Outside Air.
•High Full Load and Excellent Part Load Efficiencies.
•Attractive, "affordable" system price.
•High operating and service reliability.
•Low installation costs.
•Flexible and simple installation.
•Adaptable to Radiant Floor, Fan Coil & Radiator Applications
•No local consumption of fossil fuels.
•30-98% reduction in total CO2emissions.
•Optional year-round comfort with active cooling function.
•Simple match up for Solar Thermal and/or Grid Tied Solar PV.
•Excellent solution for Low Energy / Net Zero Homes
Questions ?
Thank You
An Effective State Policy for Clean, Efficient Energy: Massachusetts APS for Combined Heat & Power (CHP)
John Ballam
BuildingEnergy 11
Creating A Greener Energy Future For the Commonwealth
An Effective State Policy for
Clean, Efficient Energy:
M h tt APSf
Massachusetts APS for
Combined Heat & Power (CHP)
John Ballam, P.E.
Manager, Engineering
MA Department of Energy Resources
Overview of MA Portfolio Standard Programs
Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS)
Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard (APS)
Policy Purpose
•
Creates obligation of all retail electricity suppliers to acquire Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) equal to a set percentage (Minimum Standard) of load served. Purchase of RECs from qualified generators provides additional revenue.
•
Strategy is to "green up" the ISO-NE grid. Generation from throughout New England and adjacent control areas are eligible (except for solar and CHP).
RPS/APS Standards
• Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard - RPS Class I
•
•
New (post-1997) renewable energy generation - original program (began 2002)
•
RPS Solar Carve Out - begins in 2010 to grow solar PV sector to 400 MW
•
Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard - RPS Class II
•
Supports MA share of existing (pre-1998) RE generation
•
Subclass supports existing Waste-to-Energy Plants in MA and dedicates at least 50% of revenues to recycling programs
•
Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard (APS)
•
Supports non-RE technologies (flywheels, gasification, CHP)
•
CHP of key importance - provides credits for efficiency gains in electric and thermal production
Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard
•
Established under Green Communities Act 2008. Provides for RPS-type program for alternative (non-renewable) technologies.
•
Program compliance obligation began in 2009.
•
Eligible technologies include flywheels, CHP, gasification with carbon capture/sequestration, paper derived fuels.
•
Key technology of interest is CHP. Provides credit for electric generation and useful thermal load.
•
Qualified units produce Alternative Energy Credits (AECs).
•
Alternative Compliance Payment (ACP) Rate is $20/MWh (2010) and increases with CPI.
AECs for CHP Account for Efficiency Gains
Eelec / effelec
Eelec
Without CHP
Load
Etherm / efftherm
Etherm
Eelec
Load
ECHP_in
CHP ECHP i
With CHP
Load With CHP
Etherm
all energy expressed in MWh
Benefits Expected from CHP
•
Savings due to increased efficiency, combined with avoided demand and time of use charges.
•
Significant reductions in GHG emissions. A "good performing" natural gas fueled system operating in MA - achieves an annual net source reduction of about 19% due to:
•
Reduced fuel consumption
•
Use of natural gas and/or renewable fuels having CO2 emission factors significantly less than the ISONE grid average emission factor for each grid supplied MWh to generate electricity.
•
Greater control over facility energy costs.
•
Increased reliability
•
Reduction to grid peak loads.
Benefits Expected from CHP
MA Alternative Portfolio Standard -
Minimum Standard and
Cumulative CHP Demand
Year APS Minimum Standard Est. MW of Installed CHP
2009 1.00%
2010 1.50% 64
2011 2.00% 92
2012 2.50% 121
2013 3.00% 148
2014 3.50% 177
2015 3.75% 205
2016 4.00% 215
2017 4.25% 226
2018 4.50% 237
2019 4.75% 249
2020 5.00% 261
Approximately 27 MW of new CHP installations required each year through 2014, and half this amount in years following.
Estimate based upon APS being met only by CHP
Guidelines for APS Eligible CHP Systems
• System has to have started operation after Jan. 1, 2008.
- Exceptions: The incremental production from older systems due to due to additional loads and/or increased efficiency.
• EXAMPLE: 2009 Addition of a heat driven chiller to a 2005 CHP system to supply a new process cooling load
system to supply a new process cooling load.
• Metering of fuel, kWh and BTUs heat supplied to a useful load by revenue grade meters is required as the basis for determination of the AECs generated per quarter
- Reduced meter requirements for systems < 200kW are in
draft form and will be issued for public comment soon.
Guidelines for APS Eligible CHP Systems
•
Meter reading and computation of the AECS are by an independent verifier.
•
Program supports incremental CHP
- Provides incentive for existing electric-only power plants to add useful thermal load, or for thermal-only plants to add electrical generation
generation.
•
CHP Projects must serve thermal load in MA
•
CHP Units may also qualify for Utility EE Funding
- Per Green Communities Act, CHP projects passing a cost-effectiveness screen are eligible for support (up to $750/kW) from the electric utility energy efficiency programs.
APS Benefit - Example
Unit Electric Generating Capacity Unit Useful Heat Generating Capacity Electric Generation EFF Fuel to CHP (mWh) AECs/hr $/hr Maximum Equivalent Full Load Run hrs/year AECs/yr Maximum Annual Value for AECs ($/year)
kW MWh/yr MMBTU/yr MWh/yr MMBTU/yr MWh/yr
500 3500 15203 4455 0.33 36198 10606 0.80 15.91 $ 7000 5568 111,363.64 $
Useful Heat CHP Overall Value per Annual Value
as a % of Total Heat Output Efficiency @Full Load Load AEC (from pull down list below) for AECs ($/year) ($/year)
42% 0.75 17.00 $ 94,659.09 $
Remarks:
Ratio of AECs to MWh electric generated is
1.6:1. So, for every kWh generated 2.7 cents is earned. As O&M cost range from 2 to 4 cents per kWh, this benefit will cover a substantial portion of these costs.
Examples of Projected APS Benefit by Size
and Application
• Based on the system inputs and $17/AEC as used in the previous example
Size (kW)
APS $/yr
Application
System Types
10 IC Genset with heat recovery
$ 1,900.00
Residential, Small Commercial
250 $ 47,330.00 Small Industrial, institutional,
health care commercial mixed use
500 $ 94,659.09 health care, commercial, mixed use and district energy.
1,000
$ 189,318.18 IC Genset &/or Gas Turbine +
HSRSG Boiler + Steam Turbine
5,000
$ 946,590.91 Mid-sized to large Industrial, Absortpion Chiller Option
institutional, health care,
commercial, mixed use and district
energy.
10,000 $ 1,893,181.82
15,000 $ 2,839,772.73
APS CHP Projects Currently Generating
AECs
• 19 MW in three campus district energy systems - UMass Amherst, Amherst and Smith Colleges (2009)
• 2 MW at Titleist Golf Ball Manufacturer (2009)
• Two 2 MW Dairy Processing Plants (2010)
• 5.65 MW at Harvard U. Blackstone Central Plant (2010)
• 1.2 MW at Genzyme - Allston Plant (2011)
• 250 kW CHP at Southeast Regional School (2011)
• 300 kW CHP at Worcester Housing (2011)
• 555 kW CHP at Boston Scientific (2011)
See the list of qualified projects at the DOER web page:
mass.gov/energy/aps
APS CHP Projects Currently Generating
AECs
•
75 kW -Nursing Home
•
75kW -Nursing Home
•
135 kW -Sports Club
•
75 kW -Sports Club
•
100 kW -Hotel
•
75 kW -Multi-Family
•
CHP Qualifications by DOER
(as of 1/10/2011)
Look Ahead
• What does the APS Program "pipeline" look like?
-
75 to 200 kW: Encouraging increased interest and participation by developers and owners of systems in this size range. Expected that simplified metering requirements will assist
simplified metering requirements will assist.
-
500 to 3000 kW: Expect steady but slow growth
-
= 5000 kW : One definite project and several others ranging from 10,000 to 13,000 kW which are contingent on economy.
Look Ahead
• Scenarios that could produce a "step-function" increase in the number of AECs generated:
- New or incremental use of by-product heat
generated by utility scale power plants. •• AA steam based plant b d l t supplies warm condenser li d
t return water for heating commercial green houses
• Supply of heat to a nearby host customer by changing operating mode and/or increasing the steam production capacity of the station.
- Reduction or elimination of utility standby tariffs.
Look Ahead
•
Relaxation of existing limits on size of systems that can be interconnected to area and spot distribution networks.
•
Program Related: E dG id li
- Expand Guidelines to:
•
address determination of biomass fuel usage including digester gas and wood chips.
•
Provide examples of correct application or the APS formula to frequently occurring cases under the incremental provisions.
Other Topics
• Treatment of parasitic loads.
• Examples: Fuel gas compressors , boiler feedwater pumps.
- If total draw from plant auxiliary systems is > 25 kW at full load and the APS kWh meter is not located such that these ld dhb ddb
loads are netted out, they must be computed and subtracted dfrom the metered APS kWh.
» If any single parasitic load represents > 60% of the total parasitic load , that load must be provided with a dedicated kWh meter which must be read along with the main kWh meter.
» AECs = ) /0.33 + /0.80
(Eelec - EelecP EthermECHP_in
Other Topics
•
Treatment of supplemental firing:
-
Usually associated with gas turbine + HRSG systems. Allows augmented HRSG output when design steam load exceeds capacity of heat addition rate from the gas turbine hot
g
exhaust stream.
-
A separate APS meter must be added to the supplemental burner fuel supply. The fuel supplied to the burner must be subtracted along with the turbine fuel in the formula.
•
Formula for Gas Turbine + HRSG with Parasitic Load >25kW at full load and supplemental firing
•
AECs = ) /0.33 + /0.80
(Eelec - EelecP Etherm
(Egasturbine in + Esupplemental in )
Resources at the MA DOER APS Website
www.mass.gov/energy/aps
Statement of Qualification Application Standards for APS meters Tools for estimating AECs generated for your project
DOER CONTACT INFO
Dwayne Breger Director, Renewables Division 617-626-7327 dwayne.breger@state.ma.us
Howard Bernstein APS/RPS Program Manager 617-626-7355 howard.bernstein@state.ma.us
John Ballam Engineering Manager 617-626-1070 john.ballam@state.ma.us
Gerry Bingham Senior Coordinator 617-626-7378 gerry.bingham@state.ma.us
An Integrated Approach to Passive Solar Design
Markus Berger
NE Sun Fall, 2007
An Update on Mass and Regional Climate Change Programs
Nancy L. Seidman
BuildingEnergy10
Auditing and Retrofitting Multifamily Buildings
F.L. Andrew Padian, Andrew D'Agostino, & Bernice Radle
Auditing and Retrofitting Multifamily Buildings -Part 1
Background:
•
Our Buildings: Pigs or Gnats
•
Cost Effective Energy Retrofits
•
Case Studies
NESEA Building Energy 2011 March 8, 2011
F.L. Andrew Padian VP for Energy Initiatives apadian@communityp.com 212-869-5300 x544
NESEA is a registered provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education System. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members will be mailed at the completion of the conference.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Learning Objectives
•
Understand ways to quantify energy and water use in multifamily buildings;
•
design retrofits to reduce this catastrophic waste;
•
procuring energy audits to meet the standards of certain government programs and accessing these programs;
•
Help you all try to create your own training program for maintenance and management to make buildings safer and healthier.
•
In the afternoon, we will visit a local multifamily building and help design a retrofit for them
Who the heck am I.......
A little about my background...
•
In 1980, Ran the Mayor's Energy Office Energy Hotline
•
From 1981-84 HPD's Office of Energy Conservation
•
'85, worked for an engineering firm that went under
•
85-90 Worked on my own consulting, primarily to NYC
non-profits but across the country about multifamily
•
1990-1999 Ran AEA Multifamily WAP Audit program,200 buildings/year
•
1999-2009 Ran Multifamily Division for Steven WinterAssociates
The Green Initiative
Launched September 2009
• Simple
-
$1 Billion for building owners who want to retrofit
-
A One Stop Shop: Construction and Permanent Financing blended with public incentives
• Sensible
-
Improve property cash flow & increase value
-
Comply with pending state & federal legislation
• Sustainable
-
Extend efficiency and life cycle of building systems
-
Provide a better environment for residents
Program Implementation
• Get Educated
-
Immediately hired and Energy Expert
-
What does it mean to be efficient?
• CPC portfolio is evidence that we didn't know
- Enlighten staff, borrowers, investors, partners
• Housing vs. Energy
-
CPC is expert in housing
-
Housing is only one small sector in energy
• Learn a new and far more technical language
So, just to be up front about these
things...
•
I have some issues
•
I have done a version of this talk 50 times in the last year, and hundreds of other times
•
And I still get calls when we are finished cutting a deal and they say "get me the money for the energy stuff"
•
"This architect/engineer/contractor is GREEN"
•
And of course, the owner wants: GSHP, Solar Panels, Green Roofs, Wind Energy
The Math that Owners Don't Understand
(and Mortgage Officers have just begun to)
1) Get a year of heating fuel deliveries (gas/oil)
2) Every delivery, every date
3) Calculate average daily summer usage
4) Multiply by 365
5) Subtract from total of 1) above
6) 4) is non-heating fuel usage (hot water)
7) 5) is heating fuel usage
8) What percentage of 1) is 4)?
010999 010999 2913 2913
Calculating Base Energy Usage
1st, Get a printout of your fuel
usage
(not bills, but consumption)
Select approximately a one year period of fuel usage
Get the annual consumption from this total = 60,355
(Because you ignore the first delivery)
012599 020699 041499 050299 060299 070699 081499 102799 111499 112799 121199 121999 122899 011000 011200 012600 020400 021200 021900 030500 032000 040700 050600 060700 071500 082600 100700 110600 112400 120800 122300 010301 012599 020699 041499 050299 060299 070699 081499 102799
111499
112799
121199
121999
122899
011000
011200
012600
020400
021200
021900
030500
032000
040700
050600
060700
071500
082600
100700
110600
112400
120800 122300 010301 3435 2939 1951 2932 2949 3445 2953 2943 2930 2930 2932 3417 2725 2926 2915 2928 2911 2916 2915 3427 2916 2929 2931 2950 2949 2952 3431 3430 2925 2917 2403 2906 3435 2939 1951 2932 2949 3445 2953 2943
2930
2930
2932
3417
2725
2926
2915
2928
2911
2916
2915
3427
2916
2929
2931
2950
2949
2952
3431
3430
2925
2917
60,3552403 2906
Highlight the summer (non-heating) months Find the total usage between the summer periods on a daily basis
Average daily oil usage in summer = 2949 +2952 +3431 = 9332/122 days = 76.5 gallons/day x 365=
27,922.5 gallons oil for DHW use/60,355 = 46.3% oil usage for DHW
60,355 -27,922.5 =
32,432.5 gallons of oil for heating
111499 2930 112799 2930 121199 2932 121999 3417 122899 2725 011000 2926 011200 2915 012600 2928 020400 2911 021200 2916 021900 2915 030500 3427 032000 2916 040700 2929 050600 2931
060700
2950
071500
2949
082600
2952
100700
3431
110600 3430
9332
112400 2925 60,355
Calculations Cont.
•
32,432.5 gallons of oil for heating
•
10,267 square feet per floor
•
6 floors
•
total square feet= 10,267 x 6 = 61,602
•
32,432.5/ 61,602 = .53 gallons of # 4 oil per square foot for heat
•
145,000 Btu per gallon of #4 oil = 76340
Btu's/square foot per year for heat
What is a Heating Degree Day?
• If the day's high temperature is 60 and the low
is 40, the average temperature is 50 degrees
- 65 minus 50 is 15 heating degree days
•
Heating degree days can be found in the newspaper each day
•
Cumulative HDD's can be found at www.weather.gov then by clicking on your city on the map
In an average winter, NYC has
4888 Heating Degree Days (HDD)
Site (Countywide Averages) HDD
NYC 4888
Yonkers 5497
Albany 6750
Syracuse 6834
Buffalo 6922
Hamilton County 9350
HDD notes the severity of weather in a particular location. The more HDD's, the colder the weather is.
Now back to our Model Building
•
32,432.5/ 61,602 = .53 gallons of # 4 oil per square foot for heat
•
145,000 Btu per gallon of #4 oil = 76340 Btu's/square foot per year for heat
•
Divided by 4888 HDD = 15.6 Btu/ft2/HDD
Comparing Building Heating
Usage
•
Compare by square foot
•
Adjusted for weather
•
We can compare buildings from Buffalo to NYC using the same measurement
•
And that is one of our goals
Oil Delivery History 872 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, MA
gallons date cumul Price/gal Charge
1909.6 12/22/2008 1909.6 $1.7065 $3,258.73
2600.0 1/3/2009 4509.6 1.79 4,654.00
2777.6 1/10/2009 7287.2 1.839 5,108.01
2951.6 1/14/2009 10238.8 1.8655 5,506.21
2594.9 1/21/2009 12833.7 1.7425 4,521.61
2059.0 1/27/2009 14892.7 1.786 3,677.37
2461.8 2/4/2009 17354.5 1.6905 4,161.67 55328 total gallons jan 3 2009 to Jan 4, 2010 2398.9 2/12/2009 19753.4 1.6745 4,016.96 2399.8 2/25/2009 22153.2 1.563 3,750.89 3117.9 base usage 6/2 to 9/29/2010 (119 days = 26.2 therms/day) 2956.6 3/5/2009 25109.8 1.559 4,609.34 1859.2 3/10/2009 26969.0 1.555 2,891.06 9563 = base usage = 17.3% of total 1973.0 3/19/2009 28942.0 1.6575 3,270.25 1774.1 3/26/2009 30716.1 1.789 3,173.86 45765 = heating usage ÷ 91,840 ft2 x 135,000 btu in #2 oil /gallon÷5723.5 HDD = 2385.7 4/7/2009 33101.8 1.73 4,127.26 2129.0 5/8/2009 35230.8 1.753 3,732.14 2084.9 5/29/2009 37315.7 1.8815 3,922.74 11.75 btu/ft2/HDD pretty high for a cold climate probably a C or C- if I was gradin
2715.7 6/25/2009 40031.4 1.9685 5,345.86
1579.9 8/14/2009 41611.3 2.164 3,418.90
2338.9 10/9/2009 43950.2 2.096 4,902.33
2203.1 10/22/2009 46153.3 2.3585 5,196.01
1970.6 11/2/2009 48123.9 2.262 4,457.50
2955.0 11/20/2009 51078.9 2.24 6,619.20
2020.8 12/1/2009 53099.7 2.284 4,615.51
1889.9 12/10/2009 54989.6 2.1615 4,085.02
2725.6 1/1/2010 57715.2 2.3565 6,422.88
2122.5 1/4/2010 59837.7 2.2125 4,696.03
2768.5 1/7/2010 62606.2 2.4835 6,875.57
2457.4 1/15/2010 65063.6 2.5385 6,238.11
2955.4 2/1/2010 68019.0 2.2335 6,600.89
2853.8 2/11/2010 70872.8 2.223 6,344.00
1905.4 2/18/2010 72778.2 2.303 4,388.14
2336.5 2/22/2010 75114.7 2.2555 5,269.98
2805.2 3/10/2010 77919.9 2.367 6,639.91
2858.9 3/22/2010 80778.8 2.398 6,855.64
2532.5 4/7/2010 83311.3 2.4155 6,117.25
2953.5 4/22/2010 86264.8 2.474 7,306.96
2954.9 6/2/2010 89219.7 2 6,642.62
1822.4 8/4/2010 91042.1 2.4185 4,407.47
1295.5 9/29/2010 92337.6 2.3826 3,086.66
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0
CPC Buildings - Water and Sewer
Costs Per Sq. Ft.
avg = $.48
$0-.20
$.21-.40
$.41-.60
$.61-.80
$.81-1.00$1.01-1.20$1.21-1.40$1.41-1.60$1.61-1.80$1.81-2.00$2.01-2.20$2.21-2.40$2.41-2.60$2.61-2.80$2.81-3.00
Ouliers
Cost/Sq. Ft. ($)
Ten Major Areas of Energy
Inefficiency
Details that need more attention in
every retrofit, rehab, and new
construction job
Technical Inefficiency
1.
Tighten the buildings. Increase airsealing & firestopping in allapartment and common areas
2.
Good Systems. More efficient and properly sized heating, airconditioning, and hot water makers.
3.
Upgrade building controls. More efficient heating, cooling, andhot water controls
4.
Save Water. Better toilets, showerheads, aerators for water andhot water savings.
5.
Better Air. Upgrading of ventilation systems where present
6.
Brighter spaces. Complete apartment, common area, andexterior lighting retrofit
7.
Better Building Enclosure. Better specifications for windows andinsulation
8.
Energy Star Appliances, Motors, elevators, lights, etc.
Owner to Banker Psychology
9.
Get Help from Building Professionals. You Don't Know Everything. Ask For Help. And Get Everyone Together in the same room to talk.
10.
Talk to your peers that can help. Better coordination with existing programs: State, Federal, Utilities
2007: How Green Is Our
Portfolio?
• Green becoming a bigger focus
- Federal, State and Local Governments
•
More than 62,000 units in our portfolio
•
Historic Focus: How much does energy cost?
•
New Focus:
- How much energy do our buildings USE?
• Enter Consultant
- Put CPC's portfolio under the green lens...
CPC's Weatherization Assistance Program
Background:
•
Mortgage officer for a not-for-profit mortgage bank
•
Facilitated financing for rehabilitation and energy retrofit measures
•
Site inspections
•
Fuel bill analysis
Andrew D'Agostino
Weatherization Director
Assistant Vice President
adagostino@communityp.com
315-476-3173 ext. 206
WAP Program
•
Grant money from D.O.E (A.R.R.A)
•
Low income properties
•
Multifamily property owners
•
CPC's WAP
-
$5,000,000
-
1,300 units to be weatherized
-
Airsealing, insulation, heating/cooling upgrades, lighting retrofit, water reduction measures
Owner/Tenant Negotiation
• Owner Negotiation
-
Income qualify the building
-
Explain energy audit results
-
Negotiate minimum of 25% owner contribution
-
Subgrantee handles bid process and construction mgt.
• Tenant Negotiation
-
Utility bill release forms
-
Income verification forms
-
Tenant discussion and requests
Owners
• Housing Authority
- Mgt staff, engineers, crewmembers
• Not for profit developers
- Mgt staff and maintenance crews
• For profit developers
- Mgt staff, maintenance crews, "preferred contractors"
• Work scope $1,142,805 (334 units)
- Furnace and hot water tank replacement, sidewall insulation, lighting retrofit and water reduction measures
Questions?
10 Minute Break
Paying for Energy Retrofits
NYSERDA -New York State Energy Research and Development Authority
•
Multi Family Performance Program
•
Reduce Energy Consumption by a minimum of 15 percent
•
HPw/ES
•
HPw/ES -Low Rise MF
•
MF -New / Existing
•
Variety of commercial options
Community Preservation Corporation
•
Refinance for your building AND energy improvements!
Think Reel Green
•
Commercial, Residential loans for energy retrofits (smaller scale)
Case Studies -Rundown
CASE STUDIES
-
63 Anthony Road "Anthony Gardens" - Not MF
-
201 - 217 Elmwood
-
2439 Delaware
-
49 Johnson Park
Energy Usage/Work Scope
Annual Energy Use By Type
Appliances 28%
Hot Water 13%
Lighting Heating 10% 49%
-In-Unit Air Sealing & Testing -Air Seal Attic Flats -Air Seal and Insulate Basement
Rim Joist -Air Sealing of Exterior Doors -Heating System -Domestic Hot Water -Insulation -Distribution Pipe -Insulation - Attics -Aerators & Showerheads -Health & Safety -Ventilation -Health & Safety -Gas Ovens
Overall Projections -Case Study of 16
MF Buildings In Buffalo
•
16 MF buildings - 350 Units
•
2 Million Dollar Retrofit
•
1.25 Million of Loans under the Low Interest Loan Program
•
Total Energy Savings -35 %
•
Total Monthly Cost Savings-Approx $18,000
Measures Completed in All Three
Buildings
•
Windows - Fiberglass/ Vinyl
•
Foam roof (R value of 21)
•
Air sealing
•
Low Flow
•
Lighting
•
Thermostatic Radiator Valves
•
Tekmar Heating controls
Utilities POST Retrofit -Analysis
•
201 -20 % Gas Reduction
•
209 -34 % Gas Reduction
•
217-30 % Gas Reduction
Although they look the same, they use energy differently!
2439 Delaware
-TRV -DHW -Lighting Replacement -T8 / CFL -Appliance Replacement -Window replacement
Annual Savings - $33,350 Average Gas Savings -37 % Total Investment -$219,000 Payback -6.6 years
49 Johnson Park
49 Johnson Park
Built in 1890
33 Apartments
Historic -Preservation
District
ERP Measures
-Window Replacement
-Boiler Replacement
-DHW Replacement
-Roof Replacement
Total Investment:
$188,107
Total Incentive : $79,135
Total Energy Savings :
33%
Total Annual Savings:
$13,458
Overview
•
Even though the buildings look the same -they can vary in energy use for a variety of reasons
•
Multi Family buildings can be easily retrofitted AND save $$$
•
Incentives & financing options available
•
Healthy Tenants = Happy Tenants!
QUESTIONS?
Thank you!
Brief Modeling Demo
Thank you for your time!
Any Questions?
This concludes The American Institute of Architects
Continuing Education Systems Program
Avoiding High-GWP Insulation
Alex Wilson
BuildingEnergy 11
Concerns about extruded polystyrene
•
Two concerns
•
The first is that the flame retardant HBCD is used in all polystyrene building insulation
•
The second is that XPS is made with
Dow Styrofoam -image from HomeConstruction
HFC blowing agent
Improvement.com
• Today, focusing on
this second issue
Issue addressed in June, 2010 issue of Environmental Building News
•
Dr. Danny Harvey raised the concern in a 2007 scientific paper
•
We examined and updated Harvey's assumptions
•
Generating a lot of discussion this week
•
With certain types of insulation, more isn't always better
June 2010 EBN
Alternatives to XPS: Foamglas
•
Cellular glass has been made since 1937 (not marketed as a building insulation in U.S. until now)
•
100% inorganic •• N b tibl ith t
Noncombustible without
flame retardants
•
CO2 as fills the cells, not HFC (GWP of 1 vs. 1,400)
•
2 1/2 times as expensive as XPS
•
Not stocked, but made in the U.S. and can be shipped anywhere
Balancing the Investment: Enclosure, Mechanicals, Renewables
Katrin Klingenberg
BuildingEnergy 11
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
Katrin Klingenberg, Executive Director
www.passivehouse.us
www.PHAlliance.com
Passive House Institute US | PHIUS
Balancing the InvestmentEnclosure. Mechanicals. Renewables
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
Smith House -2003, Urbana Illinois
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\pics\SOUTHsmall.jpg
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\Portfolio\Smith House\pics\SH-nside haus.jpg
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\3rd PH conference pics\smith house.JPG
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\Projects 07-08\project photos & data sheets\Smith House\SH-westelevation.jpg
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
IMG_0415
Stanton Residence -2009, Urbana IL -e-co lab
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
(Source: IEA Information Paper: Energy Efficiency requirements in Building Codes, Author Jens Laustsen)
Economic Feasibility of Passive Energy Measures-
Note: Costs are for central Europe (Germany)
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
(Source: IEA Information Paper: Energy Efficiency requirements in Building Codes, Author Jens Laustsen)
Note: Costs are for central Europe (Germany)
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
1 Cost Optimization-Passive House Enclosure Affordable Projects
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\4th N. American Passive House Conference\DOEs proposed climate zones.JPG
SI UnitsIP
1 Heat Load:=10 W/m2 = 1 W/ft2
Cooling Load:= 8 W/m2 = 0.8 W/ft2
2 Envelope Insulation:
Very Cold/humidMinneapolis, MNU=0.08 W/m2KR=71 hr-ft2-F/Btu
ColdChicago, ILU=0.094 W/m2KR=60 hr-ft2-F/Btu
Mixed/humidAshville, NCU=0.16 W/m2KR=35 hr-ft2-F/Btu
Mixed/dryLas Vegas, NVU=0.14 W/m2KR=40 hr-ft2-F/Btu
Marine Seattle, WAU=0.13 W/m2KR=44 hr-ft2-F/Btu
Hot/humidHouston, TXU=0.14 W/m2KR=40 hr-ft2-F/Btu
Hot/dryPhoenix, AZU=0.14 W/m2KR=40 hr-ft2-F/Btu
3 Thermal Bridge Free Construction:
Linear Thermal Transmittance.=0.01 W/mK.=0.006 Btu/hr-ft-F
4 High Performance Windows installed:
Overall Thermal Transmittance (Very Cold)U=0.6 W/m2KU=0.11 Btu/hr-ft2-F
Overall Thermal Transmittance (Cold/Mixed)U=0.85 W/m2KU=0.15 Btu/hr-ft2-F
Overall Thermal Transmittance (Hot)U=1.55 W/m2KU=0.27 Btu/hr-ft2-F
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (Mixed/Cold)g-value=50%SHGC=50%
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (Hot)g-value = 30%SHGC = 30%
5 Heat Recovery Ventilation:
Net Efficiencyh=80%h=80%
Electric Consumption of motor=0.45 Wh/m3 =0.76 W/cfm
Climate Specific Recommendations Passive House
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\PH presentation\resized\conv vs passive 4.jpg
Passive House Solution:
Thermal-bridge free and with the appropriate amount of insulation depending on design temperature!
Minimum surface temperature
with furniture placement: 58 F
Continuous Insulation-
Dimensioned to raise surface temperatures:
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
\\Ecolab1\shareddocs\Extension stuff\Panels on site.JPG
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\P1020464.JPG
Interior OSB Sheathing as Continuous air-tight Layer-
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\P1020483.JPG
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\P1020500.JPG
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\P1020505.JPG
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\P1020534.JPG
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\EcoLab - Stanton Photos\IMG_1508.jpg
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\EcoLab - Stanton Photos\IMG_1505.jpg
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
F:\SMITH HOUSE 051.JPG
Inset Windows to minimize Installation Thermal Bridge-
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\5th PH Conference 2010\Dublin - economical example\floor plan.TIF
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\ACI Kansas City\Germany Pics\IMG_0096.JPG
Larsen Trusses rated for New and Retrofit applications-
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\5th PH Conference 2010\Dublin - economical example\det slab.TIF
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\Conferences & Presentations & workshops\EEBA 2010\New folder\concrete.JPG
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\Conferences & Presentations & workshops\EEBA 2010\New folder\keyed slab.JPG
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\current PassivHausBau work\ThomasBahr Photos\foam bucket.JPG
Affordable Dublin House -2010, Urbana Illinois -e-co lab
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\current PassivHausBau work\ThomasBahr Photos\10-19-2010.JPG
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\current PassivHausBau work\ThomasBahr Photos\IMG_0805.JPG
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\current PassivHausBau work\ThomasBahr Photos\IMG_0812.JPG
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\5th PH Conference 2010\Dublin - economical example\det 2nd floor.TIF
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\5th PH Conference 2010\Dublin - economical example\det roof.TIF
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\5th PH Conference 2010\Dublin - economical example\det window.TIF
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\Conferences & Presentations & workshops\EEBA 2010\ChristkindlMarket House.PNG
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
2 Cost Optimization-Passive House Mechanicals Affordable Projects
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\4th N. American Passive House Conference\DOEs proposed climate zones.JPG
SI UnitsIP
1 Heat Load:=10 W/m2 = 1 W/ft2
Cooling Load:= 8 W/m2 = 0.8 W/ft2
2 Envelope Insulation:
Very Cold/humidMinneapolis, MNU=0.08 W/m2KR=71 hr-ft2-F/Btu
ColdChicago, ILU=0.094 W/m2KR=60 hr-ft2-F/Btu
Mixed/humidAshville, NCU=0.16 W/m2KR=35 hr-ft2-F/Btu
Mixed/dryLas Vegas, NVU=0.14 W/m2KR=40 hr-ft2-F/Btu
Marine Seattle, WAU=0.13 W/m2KR=44 hr-ft2-F/Btu
Hot/humidHouston, TXU=0.14 W/m2KR=40 hr-ft2-F/Btu
Hot/dryPhoenix, AZU=0.14 W/m2KR=40 hr-ft2-F/Btu
3 Thermal Bridge Free Construction:
Linear Thermal Transmittance.=0.01 W/mK.=0.006 Btu/hr-ft-F
4 High Performance Windows installed:
Overall Thermal Transmittance (Very Cold)U=0.6 W/m2KU=0.11 Btu/hr-ft2-F
Overall Thermal Transmittance (Cold/Mixed)U=0.85 W/m2KU=0.15 Btu/hr-ft2-F
Overall Thermal Transmittance (Hot)U=1.55 W/m2KU=0.27 Btu/hr-ft2-F
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (Mixed/Cold)g-value=50%SHGC=50%
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (Hot)g-value = 30%SHGC = 30%
5 Heat Recovery Ventilation:
Net Efficiencyh=80%h=80%
Electric Consumption of motor=0.45 Wh/m3 =0.76 W/cfm
Climate Specific Recommendations Passive House
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
•ERV/HRV with integrated air-to-water heat exchange coil and/or air-to-air Heat Pump for heating/cooling
•Insulated Hot Water Tank w/ solar thermal collectors for DHW
(Image: Passivhaus Institut)
Components of the Minimized Mechanical System:
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\Eingang\CEPHEUS\KOMPAKTAGGREGAT_OK.GIF
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
The window as part of the mechanical system
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
Passive House window
requirements for cold climates (triple-pane, argon filled, low-e on the right)
High Performance Glazing for minimized transmission losses-
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\Desktop\Presentations\Solar Map.JPG
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
Heating, cooling and dehumidification:
(Images:www.quietside.com/)
Mini-Split Air-to-Air Heat Pump
March 8, 2011© 2011 PHIUS
The Ultimate Air Recoup Aerator (Stirling Technologies):•95% Efficiency
•Air flow: 70-210 cubic feet/minute (cfm)
•Motor: General Electric ECM brushless motors
•Electrical Rating: 120/240 volts, AC, 60/50 Hz, 5/2.8 Amps
•Average electrical consumption:
•210 cfm (360m3/h) -200W
•60cfm -34 W
•Dimensions: 25" H x 19" W x 25" D (63.5 cm x 48.25 cm x 63.5 cm)
•Unit Weight: 72 lbs.
•Shipping Weight: 80 lbs.
•Mounting: Operates in vertical or horizontal position.
•Connects to 6" galvanized or flex ducts.
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
Passive cooling/
dehumidification for
Hot/humid climates pre recovery
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\ACI Kansas City\Germany Pics\IMG_0044.JPG
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\ACI Kansas City\Germany Pics\IMG_0049.JPG
Closed Ground Loop Heat Exchanger for Defrost
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
3Balancing the Investment of Enclosure, Mechanicals, Renewables
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
(Source: IEA Information Paper: Energy Efficiency requirements in Building Codes, Author Jens Laustsen)
Note: Costs are for central Europe (Germany)
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
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March 8, 2011© 2011 PHIUS
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Cost Benefit of the Stanton House-
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
Cost Benefit of the Stanton House with Renewables-
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March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
8Certified Passive House Projects
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
Freeman Home in Maine: 2010 Laura Briggs and Jonathan Knowles
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March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
Solar Decathlon 2ndPlace 2009, DC & IL
IMG_0393
University of Illinois
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
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GO Logic Home -2010, Maine: Alan Gibson and Matthew Omalia
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
2010 Konkol Home, Wisconsin -Tim Eian
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March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
October 13 2010, OR
© 2009 PHIUS
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\4th N. American Passive House Conference\conference poster.JPG
www.passivehouse.us
Passive House
Institute US
Mark your Calendar:
6thAnnual North American Passive House Conference:
November 2011
Washington, DC
March 8, 2011
© 2011 PHIUS
Passive House Institute US | PHIUS
Katrin Klingenberg, Executive Director
www.passivehouse.us
www.PHAlliance.com
C:\Documents and Settings\Katrin\My Documents\Alliance logos\certification mark 5.jpg
Certified Passive House Consultants Program
BE 08 Plenary
Alex Wilson
BuildingEnergy08
Benchmarking New York City's Municipal Buildings
Adriana Akers
BuildingEnergy 11
Benchmarking New York City's Municipal BuildingsAdriana AkersCity of New York
BuildingEnergy 11
March 10, 2011
DEM Logo
City Seal Black
PlaNYC Logo
Banner dark blue DRAFT
9
10 Sustainability Goals.Improve air quality
.Clean, reliable energy
.Climate action
....and moreTo achieve these goals,
.City government to lead by example
.Reduce GHG emissions from government operations 30% by 2017
.1.68 million ton reduction
The City's efforts to reduce its GHG emissions is a major component of PlaNYC, NYC's sustainability plan
.20 Operating agencies
.Diverse set of buildingsAge variesSize variesType varies
.>300,000 Employees
.4,000 Buildings
.Peak Demand 1100 MW
.~$900 m Energy Bill
.27,000 Vehicles
TO IMPLEMENT, FIRST HAD TO UNDERSTAND KEY CHALLENGES
LACK OF ORGANIZATION & PRIORITIZATIONSCALE & COMPLEXITYLACK OF INFORMATION
MOST OF THE CITY'S EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITIES LIE IN EXISTING BUILDINGS
.Over half of 30x17 reductions will come from the City's 4,000 existing buildings
-Retrofitting building systems
-Improving operations and maintenance (O&M) of facilities
.Given scale and diversity of buildings and scarcity of resources, implementation follows a strategic, data-driven approach...
LEVERAGE FUNDING COMMITMENT TO GO FURTHER
Training & Outreach
Operations &Maintenance
Metering & Monitoring
Benchmarking
Audit
Clean Distributed Energy
Measurement &Verification
PerformanceIndicators/Analysis
EfficiencyRetrofits
Retrofits
O&M
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BENCHMARKING: DEFINITION AND STATUS
As required by Local Law 84 of 2009, the City completed energy benchmarking of all City-owned buildings over 10,000 square feet in May 2010
STATUS
EPA PM
.Uses energy data and building variables to produce outputs, including benchmarking score (1-100)
.Score indicates performance relative to similar buildings nationwide (weather normalized); uses CBECS data as basis for comparison
.Not all buildings can get a score; all buildings get EUI, GHGe, etc.
7
PLANNING STAGE
EPA Portfolio ManagerBuilding InformationBuilding NameZIP CodeStreet AddressYear BuiltCityProperty TypeStateCountryCountyNearest CityBuilding Space InformationSpace NameOther CategoryGross Floor AreaOperating Hours/WeekWorkers on Main ShiftNumber of PCsParking Space InformationSpace NameEnclosed Parking Floor AreaNon-Enclosed Parking Floor Area (with a Roof)Open Parking Floor Area (No Roof)Hours of Access/WeekComputer Data Center InformationSpace NameOperating Hours/WeekFloor AreaSwimming Pool InformationSpace NameIndoor or OutdoorPool SizeMonths in UseAmbulatory Surgical Center InformationSpace NameOperating Hours/WeekGross Floor AreaDEMAgencyTemplatesEnergy Use Data(electricity, natural gas, and steam)Energy Meter IDEnergy TypeEnergy UnitStart DateEnd DateEnergy ConsumptionEnergy CostEnergy Use Data(fuel oil)Energy Meter IDEnergy TypeEnergy UnitStart DateEnd DateEnergy ConsumptionEnergy CostWater Use DataWater Meter IDWater TypeWater UnitStart DateEnd DateWater ConsumptionWater CostDEMDEPRequestsTemplatesMS ExcelTemplateDEMAgencyMS ExcelTemplateTemplatesECCSEC3DEMSQL QueryCSVFileTemplatesRequestsMS ExcelTemplateUpdates,CorrectionsRequestsfuture data sourceBasis for information: DCASBasis for information: AgenciesBasis for information: AgenciesBasis for information: DEP
8
Template Sent
COLLECTING DATA
9
UPLOADING TO EPA PORTFOLIO MANAGER
.Agencies often struggled to provide complete, accurate data
.Use of EPA default values
.Mixed-use spaces
.Partially leased facilities
."Campus" approach for groups of buildings without sub-metering
.Lack of fuel oil data
.Not all building types eligible for an EPA score
CHALLENGES AND LIMITATIONS
BUILDING DATA CHALLENGES
ENERGY DATA CHALLENGES
LIMITED SCORE ELIGIBILITY
.SEPTS (Sustainability, Energy, and Property Tracking System)-A single, central, web-based database for key data and reports, consistent across City agencies (TRIRIGA software)
.A partnership between DCAS and other agencies to collect, track, and report on characteristics of existing buildings and capital projects, including energy use and environmental performance
.SEPTS will use ABS (Automated Benchmarking Service)to communicate with EPA Portfolio Manager
NEXT STEPS: OVERCOMING CHALLENGES AND MOVING FORWARD
12
PROCESS: OVERVIEW OF BENCHMARKING STEPS
1.Planning
2.Collect data and prepare templates
3.Meet with agency
4.Receive data from agency
5.Verify data
6.Upload data to Access DB
7.Link facilities with energy data
8.Prepare and send template to EPA
9.Address EPA comments
10.Send revised template to EPA for uploading
11.Review benchmarking results
12.Share benchmarking results with agencies
PLAN
COLLECT
DATA
UPLOAD TO
EPA PM
REVIEWRESULTS
13
NEW PROCESS: OVERVIEW OF BENCHMARKING STEPS
1.Planning
2.Collect data and prepare templates
3.Meet with agency
4.Receive data from agency
5.Verify data
6.Upload data to Access DB
7.Link facilities with energy data
8.Prepare and send SEPTS sends template to EPA
9.Address EPA comments
10.SendSEPTS sends revised template to EPA for uploading
11.Review benchmarking results
12.Share benchmarking results with agencies Benchmarking
results available to agencies on SEPTS
PLAN
COLLECT DATA
UPLOAD TO
EPA PM
REVIEWRESULTS
NYC1
LESSONS LEARNED:BENCHMARKING A LARGE PORTFOLIO
1.Pursue automated benchmarking
2.Ensure clear communication, expectations with building managers
3.Provide clear data definitions
4.Create tracking system
5.Install submeters when possible
Banner dark blue DRAFT
Questions?AAkers@DCAS.nyc.govhttp://www.nyc.gov/energy-conservation
Best Practices for a Sustainable Campus
Ellen Watts
BuildingEnergy09
Better Remodeling: Design Leads, Materials Follow
Jamie Wolf
NE Sun Fall, 2007
Biomass & Climate Change
Alan Nogee
BuildingEnergy 11
Biomass & Climate Change
NESEA Annual Conference
Boston, MA
March 10, 2010
Alan Nogee
Director, Climate & Energy Policy & Strategy
Union of Concerned Scientists
www.ucsusa.org
2
NESEA is a registered provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be recorded to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
3
Learning Objectives
Biomass & Climate Change
.Understand the terms Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) and Renewable Energy Credits (RECs)
.Understand the complexity of biomass energy fuel issues
.Understand what biomass sources may and may not work for Greenhouse Gas mitigation
.Understand the barriers this biomass disqualification may present in attaining RPS standards
Biomass has unique attributes
+Solar storage
+Fits with natural landscape
+Rural economy benefits
+Electricity, heat, transportation
+Recycles carbon
+CCS: potential for negative carbon
But...
5
-Inefficient solar collector: hi land use
-Conflicts with food, fiber, fuel, wood products, wildlife, recreation, C storage in soils and trees
-Emissions comparable to fossil fuels
-Biodiversity, water, ecosystem impacts
Broad scientific agreement around beneficial bioenergy categories
Beneficial: balancing food, fuel and climate objectives
1) Perennial plants on degraded lands
2) Crop residues
3) Sustainably harvested wood and forest residues
4) Double crops and mixed cropping systems
5) Municipal and industrial wastes
•Tilman, D., et al. Beneficial Biofuels-The Food, Energy, and Environment Trilemma Science325:270-271
Details
But...
Manomet Report:Biomass Sustainability And Carbon Policy
.Advances understanding of timing of carbon cycle -debt/payback
.Important given urgency of C reductions, potential tipping points
.ID's hi payback (low-carbon) biomass sources:
.forest residues
.or displacing oil
.or thermal-led cogeneration
.likely other wastes (tree-trimming, landscaping, etc.)
.ID's tradeoffs for policymakers
.Lots of questions for further research
Manomet debt/dividend model
Conclusion: Resources with short-term paybacks preferable to long-term paybacks
But: How to weigh short-term costs vs. long term benefits?
Importance of 2050 CO2 reduction goal?
Risk of higher near-term emissions: climate tipping points
10
Risk of higher long-term emissions: getting back to 350 ppm CO2
11
.Critical biomass/CCS role in reducing emissions?
.Path from here to there?
James Hansen
David Suzuki
Rajendra Pachauri
Bill McKibben
Manomet questions
-Underestimates loss of soil C?
-Would make paybacks longer
-Captures carbon "cash flow" timing but not "asset transfer" from geologic carbon to biogenic carbon.
12
Cary Institute -low estimate of sustainable Northeast resource still significant
4-15 million metric tons/yr.
Low case (4.2m) =
-6% of coal OR
-4-6% of electricity
-28% of liquid C&I heating fuels
-16% of liquid residential heating fuels
-5% of diesel or 2% of gasoline
13
Cary conclusions
•Intra-regional variation
-ME could replace 42% of liquid C&I fuel or 49% of residential
-NH could replace 84% of liquid C&I
•Short-term applications support infrastructure and human resources needed for long-term techs
-Distributed CHP
-Biomass/CCS? -negative carbon system
-E.g., Austria. Biomass heating in 1980s. Now 11% of electricity.
•Preserve wood products industries; additional carbon storage; avoid carbon in concrete, steel manufacturing
14
Carbon benefits from wood product storage, avoided concrete (Douglas fir plantation)
Source: O'Laughlin, 2010
.Could biomass help preserve New England's forest industries?
.Avoid development?
.What about other regions?
Power plants SO2 lbs./MWh
SO2 .secondary particulates = 85% of health damage
Merrimac, NH
Salem Harbor
Brayton Point
NATIONAL AVERAGE
New MA plant
(permitted)
Top 25 coal plants
Source: Environmental Integrity Project search engine, based on U.S. EPA E-Grid Data base.
Mt. Tom
Mass./NH power plants -SO2 lbs./MWh
NRC: SO2 .secondary particulates = 85% of health damage
Merrimac, NH
Salem
Brayton Pt
NATIONAL AVG
Maximum permitted for new MA coal or biomass plant
Source: Environmental Integrity Project search engine, based on U.S. EPA E-Grid Data base.
Biomass plants: Antares Consulting Group
Mt. Tom
Measured -avg. existing biomass
Best new biomass
With no value on land carbon, bioenergy and food crops devastate forests
But with equal tax on land carbon, forests expand, land for crops declines...
Wise/PNNL study interpretation:
"Under proposed and current legislation, all of the world could be deforested for biofuel sometime in the next century."
Common ground?
•Sustainable forest management --overall + residues
•Incentivize highest efficiency technology
•Incentivize displacing highest carbon fuels
•Regulatory flexibility on achieving low-carbon path that reflects the best science
•Avoid indirect land use change
•Preserve industry infrastructure
•Consider emission hot spots, but also system benefits
•More research on issues of timing, sustainability, infrastructure, optima, extension to different regions
Thank you.
."Don't let the perfect be the enemy of the good."
."And don't let the good be the enemy of perfecting."
Alan Nogee
Thru 3/31/11:
617.301.8010
anogee@ucsusa.org
www.ucsusa.org
Thereafter:
anogee@gmail.com
On twitter: @alannogee
Biomass & GHG: A Burning Issue
Rob Rizzo
BuildingEnergy 11
NESEA Building Energy 2011
Track 1 -Policy
Biomass & GHG: A Burning Issue
Got Twitter? use #BE11
Creating A Greener Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Rob RizzoBioenergy Program Managerrobert.rizzo@state.ma.us617-626-7379
NESEA BE 2011 Conference
Biomass and Greenhouse Gas Emissions -A Burning Issue
Boston, MA
Continuing Education Credits
•NESEA is a registered provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members will be mailed at the completion of the conference.
•This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
AIA Logo
Learning Objectives
Biomass and Greenhouse Gas:
•Participants will be able to differentiate between different biomass technologies in terms of their GHG footprint over time.
•Participants will be able to articulate the state of research on biomass GHG emissions.
•Participants will acquire an understanding of the updated MA biomass regulations and how these may transform the biomass marketplace.
•Participants will be able to explain the concept of carbon debt of biomass technologies relative to equivalent fossil fuel technologies.
Energy Costs in MA (NorthEast)
•Heating oil up 117.8% from 2000/01
•Propane up 93% from 2000/01
For the economically disadvantaged -heating is a critical issue, and Natural Gas is often not an option.
image005
Data from MA DOER weekly fuel price survey
image005
Biomass and Climate Change: The Massachusetts Example
Sue Reid
BuildingEnergy 11
1
NESEA is a registered provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be recorded to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Biomass & Climate Change:The Massachusetts ExampleNESEA Building Energy 2011
Sue Reid
Conservation Law Foundation
March 10, 2011
2
3
Learning ObjectivesBiomass & Climate Change
.Understand the complexity of biomass policy and fundamental requirements to ensure sustainability
.Using MA example, understand what biomass sources may and may not qualify for incentives
Biomass Policy: Essential Elements
•Carbon Accounting and GHG reductions
•Sustainable Harvesting Standards
•Efficiency
•Other: particulate matter (PM) emissions, location, cooling water impacts, etc.
•Big picture/competing demands: heating, electricity, transportation fuel
4
1: Carbon Accounting
•Framework: MA Global Warming Solutions Act (25% by 2020; 80%+ by 2050)
•Timeframe
-MA: 20 years
•Benchmark
-MA compares to natural gas facility emissions
•Metric
-50% less GHGs
5
1: Carbon Accounting
Whole Trees v.
"Residues"
6
IMGP0615.JPG
IMGP1130.JPG
2: Sustainable Harvesting Standards
•Need to Protect Forest Integrity:
-Ecosystem Services
-Carbon Sequestration
•Harvest residues: what fraction must be left behind for nutrient replenishment, habitat?
•How to measure and enforce?
7
2: Sustainable Harvesting Standards
sad trees.jpg
8
happy trees.jpg
3: Biomass Efficiency
•Typical thermo-electric biomass power plant = ~25% efficient, at best
•Heating unit efficiency > 80%
•Combined Heat & Power (CHP) ~60-80%
•MA: focus on promoting CHP, sliding scale for RECs
9
Stand-alone biomass power generation is like taking all of your solar PV panels...
10
solar happy house.jpg
...& putting them in the shade. Indeed worse, given finite wood supply.
11
sad house shaded.jpg
Likely eligibility for incentives:
•Small, efficient biomass CHP units
•Anaerobic digesters
•Is a Thermal RPS next?
12
ANY QUESTIONS??
For additional information:
www.clf.org
sreid@clf.org
THANK YOU!
13
Biomass Energy: The Next Generation of High Efficiency Thermal and CHP Technology
Charles Niebling
BuildingEnergy 11
Biomass Energy: The Next Generation of High Efficiency Thermal and CHP Technology
Charlie Niebling
General Manager, New England Wood Pellet LLC, Jaffrey NH
Chair, Biomass Thermal Energy Council, Washington DC
Co-Chair, Northeast Biomass Thermal Energy Working Group
NEWP_StarLogo.JPG
BTEC Logo.gif
New England Wood Pellet Facilities
Schuyler Wood Pellet LLC (2008)
Palmer Packaging and Reload Center (2006)
Jaffrey Plant (1999) and BiofuelEnergy Systems(2006)
Deposit Wood Pellet LLC
(January 2011)
plntview
SWP East Up View
Jaffrey, NH
Capacity 85,000 tons
Schuyler, NY
Capacity 85,000 tons
aerial 3.BMP
Deposit, NY
Capacity 100,000 tons
Facilities
NESEAis a registered provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members will be mailed at the completion of the conference.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Learning Objectives.Learn about emerging technology to utilize biomass in high efficiency heating and combined heat and power applications in the northeastern US
.Learn about the opportunity that these technologies provide us to reduce dependence on non-renewable imported fossil fuels
wood-chips.jpg
wood pellets 3.jpg
grass pellets.jpg
wood briquettes.jpg
Wood Pellets
Grass Pellets
Wood or grass briquettes
Wood chips
Refined and Densified Biomass Fuels
The Technology
Efficiency, clean combustion, diverse applications
The Future: Widespread adoption in Europe
.....not that far off in U.S.
1. Home or Business Delivery of Pellets in Bulk-Much like oil, gas, or propane-Convenient -you don't need to be there
Techniker_edit
4. Easy Installation/Service-Simple venting
-Simple, once-a-year maintenance includes ash removal
3. Fully Automated Central Heating System-Boilers and furnaces support existing distribution system
-Automated feed system
-Self-ignition and self-cleaning
-Safety that is superior to propane or gas
2. Sufficient Storage-1-3 deliveries a year
-Attractive and/or unobtrusive
Austrian Pellet Truck.bmp
New boiler technology beginning to expand central heating options; bulk delivery makes it possible, but delivery systems not well established in U.S.
Harman
HARMAN BOILER;
Domestic U.S
Okofen Boiler.JPG
OKOFEN BoilerAustrian; licensed for manufacture in PA
ACT BIOENERGY; Austrian boiler licensed for manufacture in NY
S:\BES\Marketing\SWEBO\Swebo Container.jpg
Modular installation at existing buildings
S:\BES\Marketing\SWEBO\OsbyParca_P500.jpg
IMG_1958.jpg
Larger systems for commercial/institutional heating
Austrian Plug and Play
Austrian EnergyCabin: combines biomass and solar thermal
Industrial process heat, district heating, combined heat and power.....HUGE potential nationwide
Swedish District Heat 1
Swedish District Heat 2
Urban-Scale Biomass Combined Heat and Power
•District Energy St. Paul
•40 mWbiomass CHP
•280,000 tons of urban wood waste/year
•Provides heat and electricity to over 30 million square feet of building space in St. Paul
Heat-Led Biomass Cogeneration:
TurbodenOrganic RankineCycle Technology
The Gold Standard: 90%+ output efficiency
Schematic of Wood Pellet-Fueled Absorption Chilling
Widely adopted in Europe; No Installations in U.S.
Bulk delivery
Audubon
residential_silo
Propell Truck Delivery.JPG
The Opportunity:Jobs, Energy Independence, Rural Economic Development, Wealth Retention
Heating the Northeast with Renewable Biomass: A Bold Vision for 2025
HNE_BoldVisionBrochure_Cover.jpg
•An American Revolution in thermal renewable energy, to start in the Northeast
•25% of all thermal energy in Northeast from renewable energy by 2025
•75% of renewable thermal energy from biomass by 2025 (balance from solar thermal and geothermal)
The Vision
Heating Oil Use in NortheastSource: EIA and US Census Bureau, 2010
•Conversion to biomass thermal will displace over 1.14 billion gallons of oil annually by 2025.
•Conversion of 1.39 million homes and businesses will enable the retention of more than $1.6 billion in annual income in our economy instead of exporting to other economies
•By 2025, the Northeast would have more than $4.5 billion new dollars per year injected into the regional economy
•This retention of wealth and expansion of the biomass thermal industry will result in a total of 140,200 permanent jobs
Potential Economic Benefits
•Replacing oil (a high carbon fuel) with biomass (a low carbon fuel) reduces greenhouse gas emissionsthat contribute to climate change
•The use of biomass greatly reduces acid rain causing sulfur and mercury emissionsas compared to the heating oil it can replace
•The enhanced value of biomass will contribute to healthy rural communities through improved economics and viability of forest and farm ownership
Potential Environmental Benefits
Manomet: Carbon benefits of biomass hugely influenced by energy pathway
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
14,000,000
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Europe
United States
Pellet Consumption: Europe vs. United States2000-2010
About BTEC
•Biomass Thermal Energy Council formed 2009 to bring attention to biomass thermal and CHP in federal policy
•8 founding members, now 92 in 28 states, 4 foreign countries
•Advocacy, outreach and education, research and analysis
•www.biomassthermal .org
BTEC Logo.gif
•Northeast Biomass Thermal Working Group formed 2010 to strengthen industry across northeast
•New England, New York and Pennsylvania
•Promotion, advocacy, education, economic analysis
•1,000+ contacts in database
•www.nebioheat.org
About NEBTWG
Thank You -Questions?
Charlie Niebling
603-532-0122
cniebling@pelletheat.com
www.pelletheat.com
Biomass Policy Development in Massachusetts: RPS Rulemaking
Dwayne Breger
BuildingEnergy 11
Creating A Greener Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Biomass Policy Development in MassachusettsRPS RulemakingDwayne Breger, PhDDirector, Renewable Energy DivisionMarch 9, 2011
NESEA BE 2011 Conference
Biomass and Greenhouse Gas Emissions -A Burning Issue
Boston, MA
NESEAis a registered provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members will be mailed at the completion of the conference.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
3
Learning Objectives
•Understand the historical role of biomass in contributing to the MA RPS demand
•Appreciate the role of biomass developers in proposing new projects in MA
•Understand the attributes and concerns surrounding the use of biomass energy, and the role of the public in bringing forth policy concerns
•Appreciate the decisions and process of the MA state government to address science/policy issues
•Understand the draft regulations MA DOER has proposed pertaining to the eligibility of biomass for the MA RPS program
4
Primary Drivers for Clean Energy Policy (The Acts of 2008)
•Green Communities Act
.Expands EE delivery mechanisms and goals
.RPS -expansion and strengthening targets
.Net metering provisions
.Wind Siting Commission
•Global Warming Solutions Act
.2020 commitments -10-25% below 1990 levels
.2050 commitments -80% or more below 1990 levels
•Oceans Management Act
.Provides zoning-like planning of state waters
.Identifies presumptive areas for wind development
•Clean Energy Biofuels Act
.Mandate for advanced biofuels
.Paves way for transition to LCFS
5
MA Class I RPS Program Success
6
MA RPS Class ICompliance Trend By Technology
7
Biomass -How did we get here?
•RPS Program prompted significant private development interest in large central, electric-only biomass power plants in western MA
-Locations: Russell, Greenfield, Pittsfield, Springfield
•Concerns were raised by local citizens
-Truck traffic, air emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, forest impacts
•DOER and EEA Secretariat sought to understand biomass GHG accounting in light of GWSA and to assure protection of MA forests. Available science-based analysis of biomass GHG accounting was not satisfactory to DOER.
•Biomass opponents organized ballot referendum to restrict (essentially eliminate) any biomass from qualifying for RPS.
8
Biomass -Observations
What's good about biomass?
•Biomass presents a large indigenous energy resource in MA.
•Biomass can be effectively used for non-intermittent baseload power generation, and for CHP, heating, district energy, and cellulosic biofuels -offers a non-fossil substitute for coal and fuel oil.
•Biomass creates substantial local and sustained economic development.
What's problematic about biomass?
•Biomass has air emissions.
•Biomass impacts forests and calls for strict forest harvesting regulations and broader forest policy to maintain full range of forest services for nature and humans.
•Biomass is a renewable, but finite, resource, and total demand pressure on forests needs to be properly constrained.
What's not well understood about biomass?
•What are net impacts of biomass on carbon emissions, and how does forest management and the allowable re-sequestration timeframe impact this assessment?
9
Massachusetts ApproachDepartment of Energy ResourcesExecutive Office of Energy and Environmental AffairsDepartment of Environmental ProtectionDepartment of Conservation and Recreation
Step back .... study science .... establish prudent policy .... move forward
•EEA Secretary asked DOER to integrate "sustainability" criterion in RPS regulations for eligible biomass fuel
•DOER enacted suspension of new RPS qualifications for woody biomass units
•DOER commissioned comprehensive science-based study of forestry and carbon accounting issues (the "Manomet Study"). Completes Public Meetings and comments on study.
•DOER files draft proposed revisions to the RPS regulations pertaining to the eligibility of biomass units.
10
RPS Biomass RulemakingKey Principles
•Eligible Woody Biomass Fuels
-Rely primarily on forest residues, and non-forest sources
-Allow for limited thinning to avoid forest high-grading
-Implement/enforce fuel certification and tracking system
•Overall Efficiency Criterion
-Reduce Carbon Debt by requiring high efficiency use of biomass
-Maximize GHG and other benefits achieved from limited biomass resource
•Life-Cycle GHG Reduction
-Demonstrate reductions consistent with the GHG reduction commitments of the Commonwealth under the MA GWSA
•Grand-parenting Qualified Biomass Projects
-Provide reasonable timeframe for existing qualified units to meet new standards
11
RPS Biomass RulemakingKey Components: Eligible Biomass Fuel
•Forest Derived Residues
-Harvesting residues (tops/branches not used for products)
-Unacceptable Growing Stock
-Thinnings to improve timber stand
-Removals to improve regeneration goals, including invasive species
Forest Derived Residues limited to 15% of total removal of timber product for forest nutrient retention.
•Forest Salvage
-Downed storm damage
-Control of pest infestations
•Non-Forest Derived Residues
-Primary/secondary forest products industry residues
-Land clearing for land use change
-Clean yard/wood wastes (prunings, road/park maintenance
•Dedicated Energy Crops
12
RPS Biomass RulemakingKey Components: Fuel Certification/Tracking
•Biomass Fuel Certificate accompanies eligible fuels and provided to DOER quarterly by qualified Units.
•For forest derived eligible biomass, harvest site is provided an Eligible Forest Residue Tonnage Report prepared by certified forester approved/trained by DOER that stipulates the total number (tons) of Biomass Fuel Certificates that can be removed from the site.
•Advisory Panel will monitor tracking and verification procedures and provide findings/recommendations to DOER.
•Forest Impact Assessment will be conducted every 5 years.
12
13
RPS Biomass RulemakingKey Components: Overall Efficiency
•Generation Units must meet Minimum Overall Efficiency Criterion
•Overall Efficiency calculated as:
(Electric + Thermal + Bio-Products Energy Output) / Biomass Input Fuel
•Units provided RECs based on Quarterly Performance
-Units must achieve at least a 40% Overall Efficiency
-40% Overall Efficiency earns one-half REC credit per MWh
-60% and greater Overall Efficiency earns full REC credit per MWh
-REC credit ramps up linearly from ½ to full credit between 40 and 60% efficiency.
14
RPS Biomass RulemakingKey Components: Life-Cycle GHG Reduction
•Consistent with 2008 Global Warming Solutions Act, biomass units must demonstrate a life-cycle GHG reductions
-50% reduction compared to natural gas combined-cycle electric generation in 20 years
-Reduction of GHG from avoid fossil fuel serving heating loads are added
•Based on predominant use of residue biomass (alternative fate is quick decay) and high efficiency conversion (low carbon debt), the GHG reduction threshold should be feasible.
35% Carbon Debt5 year decay rate half life
15
RPS Biomass RulemakingKey Components: Previously Qualified Units
•Existing terms of Statement of Qualifications remain in effect through 2012.
•Starting in 2013, Units must utilize Eligible Biomass Fuels to remain qualified through 2014.
•Beginning 2015, all criteria must be met to remain qualified.
16
RPS Biomass RulemakingProcess and Timetable
•DOER filed draft proposed regulations on September 17thand held two Public Hearings on October 15th
•DOER is in receipt of nearly 500 written comments (available on DOER website)
•As required in law, DOER will file proposed final regulations with Legislature soon
•Following review by Legislative Committee, DOER will promulgate final regulations
17
A Vision for Woody Biomass in MA
•Changes to RPS eligibility for biomass does not close the door, but re-focuses market development on opportunities to utilize the limited resource in more efficient ways.
•Expectation is to see focus on smaller scale CHP systems, and emerging opportunities for district energy applications (campuses, office parks, hospitals, etc.)
•MA seeks to level policy playing field between biomass electric and thermal -eliminating the perverse incentive to utilize biomass in less efficient modes.
•MA/Northeast is highly depending on fuel oil for building heating, and emerging (EU based) highly efficient and clean biomass heating technology will be a focus of policy attention.
18
Questions/Comments
Contact Information
Dwayne Breger, Ph.D.
Director, Renewable and Alternative Energy Development
Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources
dwayne.breger@state.ma.us
http://www.mass.gov/doer
This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Program
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BuildingEnergy08
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Building Energy Labeling: The Next Frontier for Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings?
Sean Penrith
BuildingEnergy 11
Building Energy Labeling: The Next Frontier for Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings?
Sean Penrith, Executive Director
Earth Advantage InstitutePortland, Oregon
| Seaport World Trade Center|Boston, MA | March 10th, 2011 |
Topics covered
"MPG"label for label for new & existing homes
•Should homes be labeled?
•What should a label display?
•How to inform stakeholders to easily understand the impact of green building and home improvements on energy consumption
•Can home labeling progress influence homeowners & builders to make energy efficiency improvements?
•Oregon & Washington labeling pilot outcomes, recommendations, and national progress
EAI: Areas of Expertise
.Consulting
.Certification Programs
.Technical services
.Program development, licensing, & management
.Education and training
.Quality Control & oversight
promo_horiz_c
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LEED
Recovery Act
Investments made in EE & RE to:.Save consumers $
.Reduce energy costs & consumption
.Reduce environmental impacts
.Performance guide is needed to reflect gains made
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Barriers to Residential Uptake
Oregon pilot:
•Simplicity
•Trust
•Accountability
•Confusion over necessary versus unnecessary measures
•Affordability
•Lack of metric to assure payback
WANTED!
•A simple market mechanism that incentivizes multiple sectors
•A foundation for an energy efficiency infrastructure
•A delivery system that makes energy upgrades a no-brainer
Labels guide behavior; drives market
http://robert.accettura.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/20080413_energy_guide_energy_star.jpg
http://ridethisbike.com/uploaded_images/epa_mpg_label-795050.gif
•Guide performance
•Promote improvements
•Allow comparison
Labels: reflect whole house energy
.Asset
.Operational
Residential audits: consumer challenge
http://greeneinstein.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/step_by_step_audit_guide2.jpg
http://www.michiganenergyaudits.com/uploads/9/1/4/0/914054/4152970.jpg
http://www.my-green-home-project.com/images/blower-door-test15.jpg
•The goal of the audit & report is to spur consumer upgrade action
•Non-standard forms make this challenging for the homeowner
"MPG"for new & existing homes
Asset rating: The needed "MPG"for homes•Absolute site energy consumption per annum
•Associated carbon emissions per annum
Energy Performance Score (EPS)
http://www.google.com/history/url?url=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_RHpQe_5H4EA/SfIAsH77JaI/AAAAAAAAAAc/EM2h8RFwpxY/S240/green%2Bbuilding.png&ei=wAiwStf4EZXOwwWpqtijDA&sig2=pmIStEQ3LVqHZj5KqOnbcw&ct=i
Desirable outcomes of any "MPG"label
•Apply to any new & any existing home
•Timeless
•Allow meaningful comparison
•Spur consumer action
•Allow common terminology in an energy discussion
•Increase demand for contractor & builder services for high performance homes
•Work with any3rd-party certified green/EE program + existing audit programs
•Reflect builder performance & eliminate green washing claims
•Stimulate preferred mortgage & insurance products
•Empower Realtors with sales proposition
•Link to MLS
•=> Market mechanism for stakeholders & reflect EE value!
Building labeling history
International labeling efforts
.European Union Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD)
.Australia
Europe: Energy Performance Certificate
Australia: House Energy Rating Scheme
House Energy Rating 5-star logo
http://image.absoluteastronomy.com/images/encyclopediaimages/h/ho/houseenergyratinggraph.png
National labeling efforts
.HERS Index
.EnergySmartHome Scale
.Energy Performance Score (EPS)
.HES-Pro
.Home Energy Score (US DOE)
HERS index
.HERS index a recognized index of efficiency
.Used in EEM and EIM products
.Modeling tool used by RESNET raters
http://www.heatmiserohio.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/yardstick_large1.jpg
Index vs actual consumption
.HERS index on 100 -0 scale indicates energy efficiency relative to HERS reference home built to code
.HERS index does not factor house size (energy per square foot)
.HERS index works well for new homes to calculate delta
.Non-comparable between homes
.Does not offer sense of magnitude of energy use
.Asset label should indicate absolute actual energy consumption
.Asset label should account for house size
.Asset label should address new and existing homes
.Asset label should allow home-to-home comparison
.Asset label could highlight carbon measure
EPS Score of 62
EPS Score of 178
Consumption vs Index
H-5495-Front-Photo-770613
120252-42575
Both homes have a HERS score of 70
HESpro -LBNL
.Online
.Energy assessment based on all end uses
.Recommendations
.Estimates carbon footprint
Oregon EPS
.Energy Performance Score (EPS) existing 300 home pilot 2008
.EPS issued for New Homes 2010
.Positive builder (90%), Realtor (89%), and consumer (100%) feedback
Does a home label motivate?
The Earth Advantage EPS Pilot Program was very useful to us in targeting things that we could do to reducethe energy use for our home in Oregon.We had already installed a high efficiency heat pump system, and we were planning on installing new energy-efficient windows, but the pilot program showed us that we could also save energy by increasing the amount of insulation in our attic, installing insulation in our crawl space (we had none), and doing air and duct sealing.We did all those improvements and I have been tracking our energy use every month.We have saved 33% overall in the last year, and that greatly reduces our energy bill and carbon footprint.We are planning on adding a 5.3 Kwatt solarsystem to our roof this spring to reduce our electric consumption even more, and we are alreadyon ourlocal utility's "Clean Wind" program. posted by Steven Carlin
Reproduced, courtesy of Dr. Steven Carlin, Portland OR homeowner
Consumption: results following EPS „08 audit
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
KWh
Month Billed
Carlin Residence Electric Use (KWh)
2006-2007
2007-2008
2008-2009
2009-2010
Windows Installed Jan 2009
Insulation + Duct & Air Sealing Mar 2009
New Heat Pump Installed Jun 2007
Reproduced, courtesy of Dr. Steven Carlin, Portland OR homeowner
EPS for New Homes in Oregon
EPS
EnergyConsumption
Carbon Emissions
EPS_Bottom
New homes builder response
Source: Energy Trust of Oregon
Foralimitedtime,prospectivehomebuyerscanreceiveafreeEnergyPerformanceevaluationoftheircurrenthomeforcomparisonagainstotherhomestheyareconsidering.
•Task Force developed recommendations for a voluntary and mandatory energy performance scoring system for new & existing commercial and residential buildings.
•TheTask Force recommended a voluntary energy performance scoring system for ODOE July 1, 2010.
•EPS re-entered 2011 legislative session proposing mandatory EPS disclosure in Oregon.s Jobs & Prosperity Act (HB 3535) & also in a separate HB3400
OR SB79 evolution -Energy Performance Score
•Becomes operative January 1, 2012.
•Requires landlords and sellers to disclose energy performance of buildings and units for rent or sale to prospective tenants and buyers.
•Shall integrate the greenhouse gas emissions rating system into the energy performance rating system
•Establishes exemption from property taxation for buildings, structures and improvements that meet specified criteria relating to energy efficiency.
OR HB 3535
2009 SB 5854, Washington
•Energy Efficiency [Washington HB1747, SB5854 Section 7]: tasked CTED to recommend a "methodology to determine an energy performance score for residential buildings and an implementation strategy to use such information to improve the energy efficiency of the state's existing housing supply"
Labeling initiatives: plethora
Region
Jurisdiction
Status
Summary
Type of rating (asset vs operational)
INT
Australia national
Planned for May 2011
Plans to develop national-level system based on ACT. At least one state (Queensland) has a system in effect.
Asset (presumed)
INT
Australian Capital Territory (ACT)
In effect
Asset rating required since 1997 at time of sale, in all advertising. Pioneer in mandatory disclosure, source of most significant study to date on impacts.
Asset
INT
Denmark
In effect
Legislation first introduced in 1996 and updated in 2006 to meet EPBD (see European Union below).For large buildings (>1500m2), labelling required yearly.Includes Energy rating, energy plan (recommendations w/ investment cost, estimated savings, lifetime of investment and payback), energy management (objective to have an appointed energy mgr who tracks data monthly) and registration of consumption data (separate for heating, electricity and water consumption). Also estimated environmental impact.For small buildings (<1500m2), labelling required at Time of Sale. Includes energy rating, energy plan with supporting documentation, detailed registration of building and installations, and calculated consumption
Asset
INT
European Union
In effect
Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) required all member countries to have labeling schemes in place by January 2009. $4-500 euros/home delivery cost. Over 1 million ratings complete. "Concerted Action" group working to bring ratings to common platform. New software in 2009. QA/QC issues have arisen.
Asset
INT
France
In effect
Diagnostic de performance énergétique (DPE) required since Nov. 2006 for Time of Sale transactions and July 2007 for Time of Rental.
Asset
INT
New Zealand
Under consideration
Development of residential mandatory disclosure included as action item in New Zealand Energy Strategy
Unknown
INT
Ontario
Planned for DATE TBD
Green Energy Act approved May 2009. Sets up residential disclosure program with rating system, etc. to be determined. Implementation date unknown Disclosure will be once buyer has made an offer, and buyer can opt to waive requirement.
Unknown
INT
Quebec
Pilots planned for 2011
Quebec's Energy Efficiency Agency has proposed a pilot project for implementation in 2010/2011.
TBD
INT
Shandong China
In effect
The Xinhua News reports that starting in 2008, all sales of new homes in Shandong Province must include information on the building's energy consumption and energy-saving measures in the contract and related documents. The requirement comes from Shandong's "Comprehensive Plan for Energy-Saving and Emission Reduction," under which energy-savings will be more stringently managed and efforts to promote green buildings will be intensified. Shandong will alsostrengthen the supervision of energy consumption standards for new buildings, implement testing of building energy efficiency, restrict construction permits, and improve the verification system for building energyefficiency designs. Designsthat fail to meet standards will not receive construction permits; constructed buildings that do not meet standards cannot be sold.
Unknown
INT
UK
In effect
Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) required on construction, sale or rental of all residential and comm. buildings since October 1st 2008. Display Energy Certificates (DEC) required since the same date for all public buildings. Residential EPC is part of documents required in the Home Information Pack (HIP).
Asset
Labeling initiatives: plethora
Region
Jurisdiction
Status
Summary
Type of rating (asset vs operational)
US
Austin, TX
In effect
Ordnance #20081106-47 sets out requirements for mandatory audits for residential, commercial and multifamily buildings receivingservice from Austin Electric Utility (AEU). Rules for audits and auditor certification to be developed by the director of AEU. In effect as of June 1st,2009.Residential building owners must provide energy audits to prospective buyers at time of sale, with audits being valid for ten years. No rating included.Multifamily building ownersmust have audits performed by June 1, 2011 if the building was built before June 1st, 1999. Newer facilities must have audits performed within ten years of construction. Audit results must be provided to all tenants.High Use MF buildings(defined as consuming 150% of average) will be required to reduce energy consumption to no more than 110% of average within 18 months.Note that original provisions for mandatory upgrades were mostly defeated, except the MF provision.
No rating -audit only.
US
California
Past proposal
California Energy Commission proposed mandatory disclosure schemes for residential sectors in 2005, as part of an overview ofoptions for improving efficiency in existing buildings (in response to both AB549 and S-20-04). Current status of work on residential mandatory labeling unknown, but there apprears to be some activity in considering labeling from PowerPoint presentations found on the web.
Unknown
US
Federal Government
Active proposal
Waxman-Markey bill contains a provision whereby the EPA would develop a model label for use in both residential and commercial labelling; test it with a pilot program aimed at improving baseline datasets (CBECS in particular); apply it to DoE and EPA facilities; and provide funding to states that adopt mandatory labelling requirements.National Building Rating Program announced fall 2009 by DOE. DOE announced plans to have label developed by fall 2010.
Asset and operational
US
Maine
In effect
Truth in Heating Act -bill disclosure
Bill disclosure
US
Massachusetts
Past proposal
2008 bill (SB2468) substantially weakened in final form (SB2768): mandatory audits and Time of Sale disclosure downgraded to information provision to home buyers re the benefits of audits. Bill did not pass. Mass. utilities planning on piloting a labeling initiative in 2010 to meet internal "metrics requirement".
Unknown
US
Montgomery County, MD
In effect
Bill 31-07 requires home sellers to provide buyers with copies of all energy bills for the last 12 months, before the sale of the home, as well as a standard information package on retrofits. Came into effect in January 2009. Does not require energy audit. County government is exploring the option of eventually requiring an audit.
Bill disclosure
US
Nevada
Planned for 2011
Nevada Senate Bill 437 (SB 437) signed into law in June 2007, requiring NSOE to develop a residential time of sale disclosureprogram. The program is slated to come into force as of Jan 1, 2011, but further details had not yet been developed as of May 2009.
Unknown
US
New Jersey
Past proposals
S706 and AB1630 were active in 2009 -but did not pass. The bills would have require that home inspectors also conduct an energy efficiency analysis and provide a rating, using a to-be-determined rating system and methodology. Opposed by the home inspection industry, principallybecause of the risk that this will make home inspections prohibitively expensive.
Unknown
US
New York City
Unknown
NYC has a commercial benchmarking ordinance, but, we are unaware of any residential (SF) building labeling initiatives in NYC.
US
New York State
In effect
Truth in Heating Act -bill disclosure
Bill disclosure
US
Oregon
In Development
SB79 passed into law; directs State Department of Energy to develop an Energy Performance Score rating system, regulations and administrative infrastructure to allow mandatory disclosure at time of sale for both residential buildings and non-residential buildings larger than 20 000 ft2. Voluntary by Oct. 2010, mandatory in 2012. Currently developing rules. All new construction homes that participate in Energy Trust of Oregon program receives an Energy Performance Score (EPS) label. MLS system currently captures ENERGY STAR, LEED or Earth Advantage and AFUE. Governor's task force is working on this, looking at the EPS system along with other options.
Unknown
US
Santa Fe, New Mexico
In effect
Ordinance 2007-38 requires that HERS ratings be posted in a conspicuous place in all new single family homes as of January 2008.
Asset
US
Vermont
Defeated
2009 bill substantially weakened due to Realtor lobbying -allowed either buyer or seller to opt out. Not passed.
Unknown
US
Washington
Unknown
Some activity is under way, but were not able to substantiate. SB 5854, Section 7 addresses energy labeling. CTED has issued recommendation paper.
Unknown
US
Wyoming
Portland Energy Conservation Inc. is presumably working on a labeling effort.
Unknown
Washington EPS adoption
.Part of Seattle.s Clean Energy, Efficient Buildings strategy for 5,000 EPS pilot
.Bellingham 1,500 home pilot
.Recently signed Snohomish County 600 home pilot
.EPS part of Community Power Works 4,000 home audit & retrofit program in SE Seattle
.Integrates EPS into real estate market
.Message & behavior study with LBNL
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"We use EPS information as a marketing tool to help sell our homes,"said Aaron Fairchild, president of G2B Ventures, a Seattle-based real estate investment firm. "The EPS is an amazingly innovative tool that will help us transform the Seattle real estate market."
Strengthening the Buildings Retrofit Market [FOA #251]
.Earth Advantage Institute part of a NASEO four-state team to implement US DOE.s award for "Strengthening the Buildings Retrofit"market that includes the EPS (26,000 EPSs estimated).
.Participating states: MA, WA, AL, VA
Goals & barriers addressed in FOA 251
.12,150 whole home retrofits (2% of homes in targets)
.Savings of 309,336 MMBtus over the three years of the project
.Robust retrofit model expected to retrofit 76,550 homes and save 1,953,155 MMBtus by 2021
.Tiered consumer engagement
.EPS label to inform on home.s performance & recommendation pathway
.Access to finance mechanisms
.Workforce training: auditors, contractors, Realtors, appraisers. MLS
.Policy toolkit
.M&V protocol
Briefing: Focus Groups on Motivating Home Improvements
The information needed to empower Americans to manage their energy diet fits together like a puzzle:
1.Raise awareness with a simple SCORE (their weight) that can be included in marketing, on the MLS, etc... BUT, this has no meaning on its own, so...
2.Give them a tool to understand it -A SCALE (a graphic display to compare their current score and goals).
3.Give them a LABEL with more information to make good decisions when they shop.BUT, they can't take action without clear steps, so...
4.Give them the full REPORT -a summary of information, plus for existing homes step-by-step instructions to improve their homes
Researched and prepared by Newport Partners, LLC Aug, 2010
Nov 9th, 2010
Vice President Biden Announces Actions to Build a Strong Home Energy Retrofit Market to Increase Energy Efficiency, Savings for Families......a new Home Energy Score program that will help homeowners make cost-effective decisions about home energy improvements
US DOE: Home Energy Score
.Voluntary label in pilot phase in communities in 10 states in 2011
.HES is a statistical score that compares a home's estimated total energy consumption against a large group of homes in that climate zone, then assigns a value of 1 to 10
.Earth Advantage Institute selected by US DOE to compare the results of the Home Energy Score software tool (HES-Pro) to the results of the Energy Performance Score (EPS) tool in the Seattle 5000 home pilot.
Home Energy Score
Pros
•Scoring quick and cheap
•Simple to read.
•DOE is maintaining BPI or RESNET certification as a requirement for assessors
•Recommendations are optional and can be left out by the assessor (con?).
Cons
•10-point scoring is based on somewhat arbitrary bins. Recommend a continuous technical scale.
•Uses RECS (Residential Energy Consumption Survey) data from all existing homes, so little differentiation at the high end.
•Treatment of site vssource energy could be confusing to consumers.
•There are two different scales depending on whether the house is less than or greater than 2200 sq. ft.
•Score will change over time as RECS gets updated, so score may not be timeless
EPS architecture
.Cloud-based database with embedded EPS SIMPLE algorithm
.Wireless data entry in the field.
.ARRA reporting
Auditor Interface: Audit Preview Screen
EPS architecture
Web Information Portal
.Trust: consumer ratings of contractors
.Simplicity: finance approval & contractor bid review and scheduling
.Accountability: Post-job EPS audit validates increased performance
PNW Market Mechanism
•Incentivizing performance in new homes
•Reflecting premium in retrofitted homes
•Preferred mortgage rates on high performing EPS homes (0.375% credit on closing up to $1,500 -$2,500)
•Preferred homeowner insurance for high performing EPS homes (up to 10% discount) from Liberty Mutual
•Links to regional MLS custom score fields
•Trained Realtors & appraisers
•EPS appraisal methodology underway
Summary
•Energy labeling here to stay
•Jury is out on the best "MPG"label
•Legislative initiatives to include abound
•Stakeholders embracing the EPS metric in PNW
•US DOE Home Energy Score pilot and NASEO FOA 251 pilot will valuable provide consumer feedback
•Incentivizing performance vs thresholds will gain traction
Sean Penrith, spenrith@earthadvantage.org
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Download EPS Findings & Recommendations report at:http://www.earthadvantage.org/program-tools/about-eps/eps/
Thank you!
Building Green Within Everyone's Reach
Kim Master
NE Sun Fall, 2005
Building Labeling Initiatives in Massachusetts
Yaara Grinberg
BuildingEnergy 11
reating A Greener Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Building Labeling Initiatives in Massachusetts
March 10, 2011
Pathway to EE investments
Energy Label
Energy Understanding and Recognition
Market Valuation
Building Owner Motivation
Investment in EE
2
Massachusetts Context
ZNEB Taskforce Report
March 2009
NEEP/ DunskeyReport November 2009
NGA Policy Academy on Building Energy RetrofitsJanuary 2010
ASHRAE bEQNational Pilot
(Operational)
May 2010
Residential Labeling Pilot with funding from DOE
September 2010
and Commercial Labeling Pilot with Utilities
3
Residential Labeling
4
Springfield area, MA -Part of a 4 State U.S. DOE funded Pilot
•MA, AL, WA, and VA with coordination by NASEO
•$11M Grant ($2.6 to MA) over 3 years
•Multi State Partners
-Earth Advantage
•Massachusetts Pilot Municipalities (Springfield, Longmeadow, East Longmeadow, Belchertown, Palmer, Wilbraham, and Hampden)
•Utilities/ PAs (National Grid, Western Mass Electric, and Columbia Gas)
•Lead Vendor (TBD by Utilities)
•Workforce Development (MassGREEN and others)
•Thermal Imaging (Sagewell)
•Western MA Homebuilders / Western Mass AIA (and others)
5
Pilot Goals
•Increase "whole house" efficiency upgrades that result in significant energy reductions.
•Provide information and tools for the customer to help them navigate the process
6
Image: copyright 2008 Michelle Kaufmann Companies
Key Innovations
•Customized web site
-Contractor proposals
-Consumer review of auditors and contractors
•Home Energy Rating
-Energy Performance Score
-Link to MLS property listings
•Thermal Image & Analysis
•Financing forms on the web
Commercial Labeling
8
Commercial Building Labeling White Paper
•National Governors Association Policy Academy on State Building Efficiency Retrofit Programs -MA awarded technical assistance
•Massachusetts private-public team -monthly meetings
•Progress report submitted to NGA in the Summer of 2010
•White Paper published for public comment (until February 12th): "An MPG Rating for Commercial Buildings: Establishing a Building Energy Asset Labeling Programin Massachusetts"
9
Labeling Program Goals
•Establish a commercial building energy rating systems that measures the energy performance of building assets to:
-Directly compare energy use between buildings irrespective of tenant operations;
-Enable market valuation of energy performance in buildings, and;
-Combined with operational data, provide comprehensive building energy performance information and motivate efficiency investments.
10
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http://ridethisbike.com/uploaded_images/epa_mpg_label-795050.gif
http://www.heat-pump.ie/images_interface/bercert.jpg
http://www.floornature.com/media/photos/21/11/LEED_logo_popup.jpg
Existing Building Rating Systems
•Operational rating, which uses energy data to provide an energy performance rating, allows comparison of actual building energy use, which can be affected significantly by tenancy
-EPA Energy Star Portfolio Manager (EPSM)
-LEED EB rating
•An Asset rating uses energy modeling to predict the energy use of a building. LEED NC is an asset rating, which rates a building's energy performance against itself and does not allow for comparisons of energy performance across commercial buildings
11
Why an MPG for buildings?
•An operational rating with an asset rating together can provide a comprehensive view of a building's energy performance and help identify EE priorities.
•Building Energy ComparativeAsset Rating
-Facilitate direct comparisons of the potential energy performance between similar buildings
-Evaluate the energy performance of a building's "assets," such as the thermal envelope (e.g. insulation, windows) and mechanical and electrical systems
-Independent of tenant behavior
12
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Design Elements
Three Key Design Elements:
1.The processby which the data is collected and used (i.e. information/data gathering, modeling, etc.);
2.The nature of the rating scale (i.e., placing a building's energy performance on a continuum); and
3.The means by which a rating is communicated (i.e., the label).
13
Source: http://greenbookenergyratings.ie/assets/images/services01.jpg
Main Recommendations
Assessment Process
•On-site assessment, provide recommendations
•Integrate recommendations with utility incentives and other financing opportunities
•Retrofit, and then post-retrofit rating for final label and utility incentives
•Data Collection and Modeling Guidelines for consistency and reliability
•Quality assurance
•Energy rating standard
14
Main Recommendations
Rating Scale
•Use of a technical rating scale
•Use of two metrics: Site EUI and GHG Emissions Metric
•Adjusting the asset rating scale to different building categories
•Use standardized guidelines for inputs
15
Comparison of Technical and Statistical Scales, Source: "ASHRAE Building Energy Labeling Program: Implementation Report (FINAL DRAFT)"
Main Recommendations
Label Information
•There are several ways to present the information: letter grade, number, symbol, etc.
-Possible adoption of a letter grading system based on modeled EUI that makes building to building comparisons easy to understand for the intended audience
•Effective Communication (clear message)
•BTUs, GHGs, $
16
Moving Forward
•DOER reviewing public comments and amending the strategy as appropriate
•Collaborate with a number of stakeholders to design a commercial building labeling pilot program
•Implement label pilot in Boston, Cambridge and Merrimack Valley
17
Building Re-use: Embodied Energy and Operational Energy
Bruce Coldham, FAIA
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BuildingEnergy10
BuildingGreen Announces 2007 Top-10 Products
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Burning Questions About Boilers: High Performance Boilers and Boiler Controls
Bart Bales
BuildingEnergy 11
Slide 1
BURNING QUESTIONS ABOUT BOILERS
High Performance Boilers
&
Boiler Controls
Slide 2
Speaker
1-2010 BEA CArd FINAL 3-8.emf
Slide 3
Questions to be Asked & Answered
Slide 4
LAME HUMOR ALERT !!
.What do you get when you cross a lovesick elephant with a rhinoceros?
Slide 5
BURNING QUESTIONS
.Is condensing latent heat out of the combustion gases of a boiler desirable?
.Why are we interested in the return water temperature for a boiler system?
.Whatis"excessair"andwhydoboilersneedtooperatewithsome"excessair"?
Slide 6
Measured Combustion Efficiency?
.?
Slide 7
Measured Combustion Efficiency?
.The percent of the thermal energy in the fuel burned is NOT in the stack gases
Slide 8
Where is the energy going that is not in the stack gases?
???
Slide 9
Where is the energy going that is not in the stack gases?
.Into the boiler water
.Into the mass of the metal making up the boiler
.Lost from the surface of the boiler
Slide 10
Where do you want the energy to be?
.Intheboilerwaterorthewaterservingthebuilding'sdistribution loop
Slide 11
What affects how much heat is transferred to the water?
.??
Slide 12
What affects how much heat is transferred to the water?
.Flow rate of the water entering and passing through the boiler
.Temperature of the entering water
Slide 13
In routine operation of a cast iron boiler from where does this water come?
.(Assume single supply, single return boiler system)
Slide 14
In routine operation of a cast iron boiler, from where does this water come?
.(Assume single supply, single return boiler system)
.The return water from the building heating loop
Slide 15
At what temperatures?
.Give range.
Slide 16
At what temperatures?
.Give range.
.135F to 160F.
.Why is the low end of the range so high?
Slide 17
At what temperatures?
.Give range.
.135 F to 160 F.
.Why is the low end of the range so high?
.Toavoidcondensationof"icky"things from the combustion gases
Slide 18
Why is the low end of the range so high?
.Toavoidcondensationof"icky"things from the combustion gases
Slide 19
Why is the low end of the range so high?
.Toavoidcondensationof"icky"things from the combustion gases
.Icky = ?
Slide 20
.Why is the low end of the range so high?
.Toavoidcondensationof"icky"things from the combustion gases
.Icky = Sulfuric acid, etc.
.Which does what?
Slide 21
Why is the low end of the range so high?
.Toavoidcondensationof"icky"things from the combustion gases
.Icky = Sulfuric acid, etc.
.Which does what?
.Corrodes cast iron of boiler and galvanized metal of the exhaust stack.
Slide 22
Condensing Boiler
.In routine operation, what temperatures may the return water be?
Slide 23
Condensing Boiler
In routine operation, what temperatures may the return water be?
80F to...140F or is the high up to 180F?
Slide 24
Why can the low temperature be lower in a condensing boiler than a standard boiler?
Slide 25
Why can the low temperature be lower in a condensing boiler than a standard boiler?
Hint: Materials
Slide 26
Why can the low temperature be lower in a condensing boiler than a standard boiler?
Hint: Materials
Condensing boilers are constructed with stainless steel components which can tolerate exposure to the acidic condensate.
Slide 27
Trick Question
.In routine operation of a condensingboiler, can return water temperatures be as high as 160F?
Slide 28
Trick Question
.In routine operation of a condensingboiler, can return water temperatures be as high as 160 F?
.Answer: In a boiler designed for condensing operation, the boiler may operate with return water temperatures higher than135 F. But....?
Slide 29
Answer
.In a boiler designed for condensing operation, the boiler may operate with return water temperatures higher than 135 F.
.But, when so operated, it will not actually be condensing because?
Slide 30
Answer
.In a boiler designed for condensing operation, the boiler may operate with return water temperatures higher than 135F.
.But, when so operated, it will not actually be condensing because: the latent heat in the exhaust requires lower stack temperatures to condense.
Slide 31
More on Condensing Boilers Later
.Our second speaker, Roger Harris, will go into great detail about condensing boilers in his presentation in the second half of this session.
Slide 32
Combustion
.What determines how much thermal energy is left in the stack gases??
Slide 33
Combustion
.What determines how much thermal energy is left in the stack gases?How hot the fluid in the stack is
How much total flow there is through the stack
.What'sin the gases that go up the stack?
Slide 34
What determines how much thermal energy is left in the stack gases?
.How hot the fluid in the stack is
.How much total flow there is through the stack
.What'sin the gases that go up the stack?
.Combustion products, excess air (nitrogen, oxygen), water vapor
Slide 35
Excess Air
.Why is there excess air?
Slide 36
Excess Air?
.Why do we need to have a little excess air?
.Why have more than the stoichiometric amount?
Slide 37
Excess Air?
.Why do we need to have a little excess air?
.Why have more than the stoichiometric amount?
.(To avoid having to pronounce stoichiometric? )
Slide 38
Excess Air?
.Why do we need to have a little excess air?
.Because the mixing and burning of fuel and air is imperfect
.What happens to boiler performance when there is too much excess air?
Slide 39
Too Much Excess Air?
.What happens to a boiler when there is too much excess air?
.Reduces stack temperature by diluting the combustion gases with excess room air,
.Reduces combustion efficiency
Slide 40
Too Little Excess Air?
?
Slide 41
Too Little Excess Air?
.Soot, smoke,
.Carbon monoxide, other bad things
Slide 42
Part II:
Evaluating the Savings
Achieved By
Burner Controls
Slide 43
Goals
.Combustion theory basics
.Describe how burners work
.Describe the
.Limitations of mechanical linkages
.Capabilities of electric actuator controls
.Discuss specific burner control systems
.Measuring performance & gas usage
.Existing case
Slide 44
Combustion Theory Basics
.Combustion?
Slide 45
Combustion Theory Basics
.Combustion?
.Combining (burning) a fuel with air resulting in hot exhaust gases
.Desirable Heat Transfer?
Slide 46
Combustion Theory Basics
.Combustion?
.Combining (burning) a fuel with air resulting in hot exhaust gases
.Desirable Heat Transfer?
.Heat transfer from gas gases to the walls of the tubes and then to the boiler water
.What then happens to the water?
Slide 47
Combustion
.Combustion?
.Combining (burning) a fuel with air resulting in hot exhaust gases
.Desirable Heat Transfer?
.Heat transfer from gas gases to the walls of the tubes and then to the boiler water
.Whatthenhappenstothewater?Itgetshotandmayboil...
Slide 48
.Combustion Theory Basics
.Whatthenhappenstothewater?Itgetshotandmayboil...
.What determines whether it boils or not?
Slide 49
Combustion Theory Basics
.Whatthenhappenstothewater?Itgetshotandmayboil...
.What determines whether it boils or not?
.How much heat is supplied
.Resulting temperature and pressure in the boiler
.Why does a hydronic boiler not make steam?
Slide 50
Combustion Theory Basics
.Whatthenhappenstothewater?Itgetshotandmayboil...
.What determines whether it boils or not?
.How much heat is supplied
.Resulting temperature and pressure in the boiler
.Why does a hydronic boiler not make steam? High Pressure
Slide 51
CombustionTheory Basics
.What is combustion efficiency?
Slide 52
Combustion Theory Basics
.What is combustion efficiency?
.Useful energy output/Total energy input
.What is the useful energy in this case?
Slide 53
Combustion Theory Basics
.What is combustion efficiency?
.Useful energy output/Total energy input
.What is the useful energy in this case?
.The hot water or steam produced
.Where does the rest of the energy go?
Slide 54
Combustion Theory Basics
.What is combustion efficiency?
.Useful energy output/Total energy input
.What is the useful energy in this case?
.The hot water or steam produced
.Where does the rest of the energy go?
.Nowhere.
.Huh?
Slide 55
Combustion Theory Basics
.What is combustion efficiency?
.Useful energy output/Total energy input
.What is the useful energy in this case?
.The hot water or steam produced
.Where does the rest of the energy go?
.Nowhere.
.Huh?
.It stays where it has been which is where?
Slide 56
Combustion Theory Basics
.Where does the rest of the energy go?
.Nowhere.
.Huh?
.It stays where it has been, in the hot gases
.What do we do with these hot gases?
Slide 57
Combustion Theory Basics
.Where does the rest of the energy go?
.Nowhere.
.Huh?
.It stays where it has been, in the hot gases
.What do we do with these hot gases?
.Exhaust them up the chimney
Slide 58
Combustion Theory Basics
.We exhaust hot gases up the chimney because?
.Multiple choice:
_A. It is cheaper to make boilers that have hot exhaust
_B. Fuel waste is good for the economy
_C. The boiler is limited by thermodynamic laws & there must always be some waste heat
_D. If the gases were cooler, they would make the chimney "yuccify"andtheboilerto"croak"
Slide 59
Combustion Theory Basics
.We exhaust hot gases up the chimney because?
.Multiple choice:
_A. It is cheaper to make boilers that have hot exhaust
_B. Fuel waste is good for the economy
_C. The boiler is limited by thermodynamic laws & there must always be some waste heat
_D.Ifthegaseswerecooler,theywouldmakethechimney"yuccify"andtheboilerto"croak"
_Answer: D, A, and a little C
Slide 60
Combustion Theory Basics
.If the gases were cooled enough
.the acidic parts of the exhaust will condense
_on the chimney
_on the boiler heat transfer surfaces
.And damage them
Slide 61
Combustion Theory Basics
.To ensure complete combustion of the fuel used, combustion chambers are supplied with excess air.
.Excess air increases the amount of oxygen and the probability of combustion of all fuel.
.When fuel and oxygen in the air are in perfectly balance -the combustion is said to be stoichiometric .
.The combustion efficiency will increase with increased excess air, until the heat loss in the excess air is larger than thanthe heat provided by more efficient combustion.
.
.Typical excess air to achieve highest efficiency for different fuels are
.5 -10% for natural gas
.5 -20% for fuel oil
Slide 62
Combustion Theory Basics
.Approximate Minimum Gas Temperatures to Avoid Corrosion Problems
.Natural Gas-220F
.OilFuel-Typical sulfur %,> 2.5% S 390 F
.OilFuel-Low sulfur %, < 1.5% S330F
Slide 63
Combustion Theory Basics
Slide 64
Combustion Theory Basics
.Carbon dioxide -CO2 -is a product of the combustion and the content in the flue gas is an important indication of the combustion efficiency.
After combustion:
.Optimal content of carbon dioxide -CO2 -~10% for natural gas
.~13% for light oils.
Slide 65
Combustion Theory Basics
.What is the relationship of the stack gas percentages of:
.CO2?
.Oxygen?
Slide 66
Combustion Theory Basics
.What is the relationship of the stack gas percentages of:
.CO2?
.Oxygen?
Slide 67
Combustion Theory Basics
combustion excess air
Slide 68
Combustion Theory Basics
.Take a look at the Combustion chart again
.With regard to efficiency:
_What is the impact of oxygen levels?
_At what level of excess oxygen become maximum?
_What happens to efficiency when there is too little oxygen?
Slide 69
Combustion Theory Basics
Slide 70
Combustion Theory Basics
Slide 71
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
.Functions?
.Optimize air/fuel ratio
_How?
Slide 72
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
.Functions?
.Optimize air/fuel ratio
_Insure complete fuel combustion
_Maintain optimal excess-air levels
_Maintain target boiler temperature or pressure
·Readjust respond quickly to changes in external conditions
_Barometric pressure
_Wind
_Other
Slide 73
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
.Old way:
.Adjustable linkages
_Connecting rods regulate
·Fuel valve
·Air damper opening
_Unstable efficiencies:
·Cannot be optimized for all conditions
_Imprecise
·Do not track the same when
_Ramping up and ramping down
Slide 74
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
.New way:
.Linkage-less Actuators with Microprocessors
_Electric actuators provide independent control of
·Fuel valve
·Air damper opening
_Precise
·Track the same when
_Ramping up and ramping down
Slide 75
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
.If add stack monitoring capability
.Measure CO, CO2, O2, NOx, SOx
.Microprocessor continually optimizes for all conditions
.Stable efficiencies across the firing range
Slide 76
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
.Question:
.Now that you have this super duper control how do you apply it?
.Shall we set it up to maintain minimum stack temperatures no matter what?
.How well can we do?
.Assume a typical cast-iron boiler
.What efficiency can we target?
Slide 77
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
.Question: With these burner controls,
.What efficiency can we target?
.105%
.100%
.96%
.92%
.88%
.86%
.85%
.84%or less
Slide 78
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
.Question: With these burner controls,
.What stack temperature can we target?
.100F
.150 F
.200F
.250 F
.300 F
.350 F
.400 F
Slide 79
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
.Question: With these burner controls,
.What O2% level can we target?
_0% or less
_.5%
_1%
_1.5%
_2%
_2.5%
_3.0%
_3.5%
_4 % or more
Slide 80
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
.Question: With these burner controls,
.What % savings can we achieve?
_0% or less
_1%
_2%
_3%
_4%
_5%
_6%
_7%
_8% or more
Slide 81
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
The burning question:
With these controls,
.What % savings can we achieve?
.What do you need to know to estimate the savings in therms?
Slide 82
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
The burning question: With these controls:
.What % savings can we achieve?
.What do you need to know to estimate the savings?
.How many therms is the boiler using now?
Slide 83
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
The burning question:
With these controls,
.What % savings can we achieve?
.What do you need to know to estimate the savings?
.How many therms is the boiler using now?
.What type of boiler is it?
.What type of burner controls does it have now?
.What is the key single-most important question to answer about the existing boiler?
Slide 84
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
The burning questionwith these controls,
.What % savings can we achieve?
.What is the key single-most important question to answer about the existing boiler?
Answer: What efficiency is it operating at now?
Youcan'tevaluate savings meaningfully unless you know the answer to this question.
Slide 85
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
The new (grammatically optimized)burning question:
At what efficiency is it operating now?
How do we find out?
Slide 86
Burner Controlsfor Controlling Air & Fuel
The new (grammatically optimized)burning question:
At what efficiency is it operating now?
How do we find out?
Test it.
Slide 87
Questions?
???
Slide 88
Thank you.
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Adapted from The Consumer's Guide to Effective Environmental Choices by - 1999
Hints & tips on improving efficiency on heating & hot water systems
CHP Principles: A Case Study
Matt Stevbbins
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Cities On The Clean Energy Frontier
Ellen Katz
BuildingEnergy08
Cities On The Clean Energy Frontier
Jeanette Brown
BuildingEnergy08
Climate Change and the Global Community: The Road to Copenhagen
Sonia Hamel
BuildingEnergy09
Climate Change and the Global Community: The Road to Copenhagen
Alexis Berthier
BuildingEnergy09
Climate Change and the Global Community: The Road to Copenhagen
Pascal Marmier
BuildingEnergy09
Climate Change Legislation and What it Means for the Northeast
Rob Sargent
BuildingEnergy10
Closing Forum: Building America, Closing in on Net Zero
Lois Arena
BuildingEnergy09
Cohousing: Has it Proven to be Sustainable?
Laura Fitch
BuildingEnergy 11
group portrait fade
Cohousing: has it proven to be sustainable?
© Kraus-Fitch Architects, Inc. 2008
NESEA Conference -2011
kfa-logo
KRAUS-FITCH ARCHITECTS, INC.
Home -Community -Planet
Presented by Laura Fitch, AIA, LEED-AP, lfitch@krausfitch.com
with Andy Shapiro, Energy Balance
NESEA is a Registered Provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the IAA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distribution, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Copyright MaterialsThis presentation is protected by US and International copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation is only allowed with written permission of the speaker.Kraus-Fitch Architects -2011
Learning Objectives:Questions we will try to answer:What is Cohousing?Has Cohousing proven to be sustainable?-Energy study of NE area communities -National study of economic and social sustainabilityWhere is the cohousing movement going from here?
What is Cohousing?
units front porch hangout-cropped 2.jpg
.includes a common house for community activities and shared meals
.is pedestrian friendly
.is designed, managed and maintained by residents
.is governed by residents using a refined consensus decision making process.
Cohousing
is a form of intentional community that was imported to the United States from Denmark in the late 80's. Cohousing provides the privacy we are accustomed to with the community we seek. There are now over 100 communities built in the US.
Cohousing typically:
And it ismuch, much more...
Cohousing strives to create a village of all ages where neighbors know and support each other...
box2,65 move to what is co
work team
slide 1
...the type of village that really does raise children...
childcare
eva and piper reading 04.jpg
slide 5
...and where people spontaneously socialize and eat together.
Winslow Cohousing, Bainbridge Island, WA
newspaper
Pioneer Valley Cohousing, Amherst, MA
The Common House is the living room of every cohousing community.
slide 19 (18 missing)
Pioneer Valley Cohousing, Amherst, MA
Additional
Eating in the common house is a big part of cohousing for many adults and families.
dine-kit-ok
slide 4
working together
Cohousing communities are usually self-managed and maintained -keeping cost down and quality up.
In working together, life is enriched in the present and residents build social capital that can be tapped into during times of need in the future.
slide 8
Bringing people together with intentionality can make it easier to share resources.
eggs5-good-close
ElderChores
adult meal - nice
While most cohousing communities are multi-generational, "senior cohousing" is becoming a popular option for elders seeking community and control in their retirement years.
ElderMtg1
elder coho
The importance of future resident participation. Good green decisions are not made by the professionals -they are made by the client -with information and facilitation provided by the team.
Flow chart developed by Chris ScottHanson of Cohousing Resources
Is Cohousing proving to be environmentally sustainable?
A Study of Energy Use
in Seven
New England Communities
IMG_2337.JPG
solar panel installationds.jpg
overall site-crop.jpg
pedestrian path.JPG
units gardens-cropped-otherside.jpg
Study conducted by Laura Fitch and Andy Shapiro, 2010-2011
Study Process:•Asked 18 New England Communities if they wanted to participate: 12 agreed, 7 followed through with release forms.
•Looked for comparables: found only "Buildings Energy Data Book", 2009.
•Release forms sent to utility companies, data back.
•Gathered SF and building envelop data.
•Extrapolated energy used for heating.
•Graphed, analyzed, and compared data.Challenges Encountered:
•Getting follow through from communities and individuals.
•Comparing apples to apples (between communities and with national data)
•Extrapolating energy for heating when hot water costs are generally with same fuel.
•Didn't attempt to document energy production, but instead looked at energy use primarily before PVs were recently installed.
Seven Communities -different vintages, locations, configurations, sizes:•1994 Pioneer Valley Cohousing, Amherst, MA.
•1998 Cambridge Cohousing, Cambridge, MA
•2007 Burlington Cohousing, Burlington, VT
•2008 Putney Commons Cohousing, Putney, VT
•2008 Nubanusit Neighborhood & Farm, Peterborough, NH
•2009 Mosaic Commons Cohousing, Berlin, MA
•2009 White Pine Cohousing, East Montpelier, VT
comparative sizes.jpg
r-values-2.jpg
Pioneer Valley Cohousing, Amherst, MA
32 units (single family and duplex), common house and office, built1994
overall form field-Pioneer Valley Coho.jpg
Average Unit Size:-Units: 1,244 SF .1,644 SF (including heated basements):
-CH: 8,685 SF .area / unit: 271 SFConstruction and R-values:
-Roof:(sloped ceiling): R-30 (DP cellulose or fiberglass),
-Roof (flat ceiling): R-40 (loose fill cellulose)
-Walls: R-25 (2x6 with interior strapping .7" DP cellulose
-Slab: R-5.5 (1" rigid under full slab)
-Basement walls: R-25
-Windows: R-3.23-Blower door test results: not availableHeating:
-30 individual and one common house: propane-fired, tankless boilers (many replaced with higher efficiency ones at this point)
-2 individual ground source heat pumpsDomestic hot water: 32 individual and one common house: originally propane-fired, tankless boilers. Many have been replaced with highly insulated electric fired tanks.-3 solar thermal systems for DHW (1999, 2010)Ventilation: exhaust only, most systems on timers, single conversion to HRVElectricity: individually metered. PV systems installed:-2009: 8 systems totaling 25.08 KW-2010: 5 systems totaling 20.21 KW .45 KW
small unit with solar.JPG
Pioneer Valley Cohousing: data from 20 of 32 units and common house
PVCH SF.jpg
PVCH HH.jpg
Total Energy Use
Cambridge Cohousing41 attached townhouses and flats and common house, built 1998
Cambridge Cohousing Average Unit Size:Units: 1,366 SF CH: 8676 SFCH area / unit: 212 SFConstruction Type: ModularR-values:Roof: R-31Walls: R-20Slab: R-20Windows: R-3 (.33)Heating: shared ground source heat pump system (electric-fired with natural gas backup)Domestic hot water: gas-fired, single tank in CH, circulated to units.Electricity: shared meter for all units
Cambridge: data of 41 of 41 units and CH included (one shared meter for gas and electricity)
Cambridge - SF.jpg
Burlington Cohousing, Burlington, VT30 attached flats, 2 townhouses, and common house, built2007
Burlington CohousingAverage Unit Size:Units 1,048CH areas (including corridors): 8,050 SFCH area / unit: 252 SFConstruction Type -R-values:-Roof: R-35 (5" min. tapered foam on flat roof)
-Walls: R-25 (1" exterior foam, 5.5" fiberglass batt)
-Slab: R-10 (2" rigid)
-Basement walls: R-12 (2/375" warm & dry exterior insulation)-Windows: U-.32Heating: 30 units on shared heat with 3 hi-efficiency condensing boilers fired by natural gas. 2 units with individual natural gas-fired heating systems. Baseboard radiation.Cooling: 4 units with individual AC unitsDomestic Hot Water: 30 supplied by same 3 boilers (as heat) with no individual storage tank. 2 units with independent systems.Electricity: individually metered, electric ranges in all units and common house, PVs installed:
-24 panels on the south barn roof projected to produce 6,715 kwh annually
-89 panels on roof of common house building projected to produce 24,740 kwh annuallyOther: rain water catchment for garden irrigation
Burlington: data from 32 of 32 units and common house
Burlington SF.jpg
Burlington HH.jpg
Total Energy Use
Putney Commons Cohousing, Putney, VT
6 units (first phase), no common house, built 2008
Putney Commons Cohousing Average Unit Size: 1,266 SFNo common house or common energy usesConstruction Type -R-values:Roof: R-61 (16" cellulose)Walls: R-33 (SIPs)Slab: R-5.0 Edge, 10.0 under (polystyrene)Windows: R-3.4, U-0.29Heating: -4 units with single, point-source, propane-fired "fireplaces"
-1 unit with radiant heat in some floors
-1 unit with all electric heatHot Water: instantElectrical: individual meters
-2 homes with PVs totaling 7.45 KW
Putney_Commons_wall.jpg
Putney: 5 of 6 units reporting
Putney SF.jpg
PutneyCommons energy - HH.jpg
Total Energy Use
Nubanusit Neighborhood and Farm, Peterborough, NH29 units, office building and common house, built 2008
Nubanusit Neighborhood and FarmAverage unit size: -Units: 1,395 SF .1,678 SF (with heated basements)
-CH area: 4,411 SF .area/ unit: 152 SFConstruction Type: -R-valuesRoof: R-46Walls: R-26Slab: R-10Basement walls: R-10Windows: R-5, Accurate-Dorwin insulated fiberglass triple glazedHeating: shared, central pellet-fired forced hot water with Myson radiant wall panels, Individual domestic hot water tanksDomestic Hot Water: Individual storage tanks heated with heat exchanger off common boilers. Single boiler run in summer (elec. backup not used)Electrical: Individually metered-17 residents installed PVs in 2010, totaling 39 KW
Nubanusit Neighborhood and Farm (Peterborough, NH) utilizes 4 centralized boilers fired by wood pellets that are automatically fed from a silo.
Nubanusit: all units, common house and office included in pellet heat calculations, 12 of 29 units (and office and common house) reporting on electrical use
Nubanusit - SF.jpg
Nubanusit HH.jpg
Total EnergyUse
overall with hammock.jpg
Mosaic Commons Cohousing, Berlin, MA34 units, common house, common hot tub, built 2009Adjacent to Camelot Cohousing (share site amenities)
Mosaic Commons CohousingAverage Unit Size:-Units: 1,148 -Units with basements: 1,479 + attics!
-CH area: 6,055 SF .area/ unit: 178 SFConstruction Type -R-values:Roof: R-47.4 (DP cellulose in 14" TJI rafters, hot roof)CH Roof: R-31 (2" nail base on exterior, 5.5" icynene on slope)Walls: R-31 (5.5" DP cellulose and 2" exterior rigid)Slab: R-15 (2 layers 1.5 inch, staggered seams)Unfinished Basement walls: R-10 (R-10 Roxul insulation to exterior,Finished Basements: approx. R-20 (same with insulated studs to interior)Basement Ceiling: R-20 (10" unfaced fiberglass)Windows: U-0.18, R-5.5, Paradigm vinyl, triple-glazed, krypton filledHeating:Electric resistance baseboardOption for point source heaters (only one installed to date)Domestic Hot Water: individual electric hot water tanksVentilation: exhaust only, on timersElectrical: all units and common house individually metered. CH electrical includes septic pump for 2 communities (68 units). Electric range in most units, gas in a few. Gas range in CH.
MC- 003-VYCOR-INSUL
DSCN7766-vycor-insul-flash
DSCN7750-vent-strap-DB
Simple massing and simple details are critical for mass production.
Mosaic-section-forenergy-BW.jpg
It is not enough to draw the details; job site training, contractor buy-in and regular supervision are critical components in green building.
Lack of insulation at the party wall intersection with roof showed up in frost patterns and had to be corrected through the roof!
Mosaic: data from 10 of 34 units and common house, hot tub and some shared utilities with Camelot Cohousing (neighboring community)
Mosaic SF-2.jpg
Mosaic HH.jpg
Total Energy Use
White Pine Cohousing, East Montpelier, VT
6 units and common house, Built 2008 -2010
CoHo 004
CoHo 018
CIMG3462
White Pine CohousingAverage unit size: -Units: 2,184 (exterior) SF, including heated basements
-CH area / unit: 234 SFConstruction Type: -R-valuesRoof: R-60Walls: R-40Slab: R-20Basement walls: R-30Windows: R-5, Thermotech insulated fiberglass triple glazedHeating: shared, central pellet-fired forced hot water with some radiant slabs, baseboard. Heating usage is metered to each unit with run time meters on all zones. 5 of 6 units have wood stoves also.Domestic hot water: individual tanks. Electrical: Individually meters-2 residents installed PVs, totaling 5 KW; 2 installed solar hot water
CIMG6172
White Pine Cohousing: data from 5 of 6 units + common building
How Does Energy Use Compare Between the Projects?
all together-HH.jpg
comparative sizes.jpg
all together-HH-passive incl.jpg
all together-total-sf-dd-winn.jpg
Brand new comparative data from yesterday's presentation by Liz Eisenberg -needs verification.
Note: the determination of "heating only energy" was made for the majority of these projects by estimating hot water use and subtracting it from either total electrical use (Mosaic Commons) or total pellet, propane or gas use. Challenges including changes in equipment over time, additions of solar thermal systems on some units, etc.
all together-heat-sf-passive incl.jpg
all together-heat-dd.jpg
Is cohousing proving to be socially and economically sustainable as well?
National Study: social, economic, and environmental sustainability
IMG_2337.JPG
solar panel installationds.jpg
overall site-crop.jpg
pedestrian path.JPG
units gardens-cropped-otherside.jpg
Study conducted by the Research Committee of the Cohousing Association of the US, 2010-2011
2010-2011 national survey conducted by Cohousing Association of the US (CohoUS) have not yet been officially released.•69 responding cohousing communities (so far).
•Report will be given to the National Cohousing Conference, June 17 -19 in Washington DC.
•Results will be available soon on the cohousing.org website.
Cohousing Association of the United StatesBuilding a more sustainable world,one neighborhood at a time
CohoLogoWithURL.jpg
Preliminary results suggest:-Socially: very sustainable!
-Economically: quite sustainable (once built), with plenty of room for improvement in terms of getting the initial cost down and barriers removed.
-Environmentally: better than average housing (especially when it comes to land preservation, switching to PV solar systems, and locavore support) but still with room for improvement.
Social Sustainability
Shared mealsShared skillsHelp after surgery & childbirthHelp with Aging in PlaceBook GroupsWomen's and Men's GroupsParent supportChildcareNo "play dates"Exercise and Dance classesNVC training and practice groups
chickens eliot
DSCN1580
workday evan bick
Cohousing kids:•Feel safe,
•Take care of each other,
•Like to be useful,
•Have many adult mentors,
•Are connected to land, food and work.
Cohousing Seniors:•Feel safe,
•Aren't isolated or institutionalized
•Get help from neighbors,
•Provide "eldering",
•Stay connected to land, food and work.
aging - singing - mike april.JPG
aging - gulf cart - mike april.JPG
strolling musicians - John Fable
jamie breadj border
There is a "cohousing culture".
DSC_0032-projection.jpg
Spin-off into the larger community:
DSC_0002-break out session.jpg
DSC_0022-sean and brice.jpg
Project Retrofit (sponsored by Western Mass. Green Building Consortium) hosted at PVCH -2011
Economic Sustainability
•Internally subsidized units
•Internal loans for unit and/or solar purchases
•Networking: help with job search, professional development, etc.
•Waiting list for sales
•Only one known foreclosure
•Maintain property -usually have a healthy replacement reserves fund
•Full life with less travel and entertainment costs
•Home Office space and or support
http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png
Slvia Milk Bet2
PV coop 1
sugaring
•Group buying power
•Sharing skills, resources, labor, expertise
office building
Office Building and Workshop at Pioneer Valley Cohousing, Amherst, MA
copier
Ecological Sustainability
Pathways-common house and play
Pathways Cohousing -Northampton, MA
Less need for individual material things, unless of course they are solar!
PWpeggys-very nice
Peggy's House
house-development_194_600x450.jpg
Preserving Farmland,Food Resilience and Locavore movement
"Access to land is a huge issue for many beginning growers, and the cohousing model can be part of the solution."Matt Burke -Farmer leasing land from Champlain Valley Cohousingwww.bloomfieldfarm.net
Land Preservation and Locavore Support
Champlain Valley Cohousing, VT
Champlain Valley, Charlotte, VT (19 homes)•On site CSA -leased to someone inside community, Individual shares to members and larger community (we can get copy of the agreement)
•CSA includes chicken and sheep (wool and meat)
•Community garden
•Individual plots
•Turkeys -4 or 5 households
•Two families have extensive edible landscape around homes
Nubanusit Neighborhood and Farm, Peterborough, NH
70+ acres
30 acres farm:
Dairy and horse pastures, hayfield, vegetable field
Organic farm includes: dairy cows, pigs, chickens, apiary, vegetables, berries expected to produce upwards of 50% of the community's food.
CSA farm at Cobb Hill Cohousing, Hartland, VT
cobb hill barn
http://www.cobbhill.org/Our_farm_files/kerry_feedingout.jpg
Some of our Enterprises:•Cedar Mountain CSA & Dairy• Cobb Hill Cheese• Cobb Hill Sheep• Cobb Hill Maple Syrup• Cobb Hill Honey • Cobb Hill Pigs• Cobb Hill Laying Hens • Cobb Hill Hay
http://www.cobbhill.org/Enterprises_files/ken_syrup.jpg
http://www.cobbhill.org/Enterprises_files/sophieAndLambs.jpg
8 land-based enterprises operate as separate entities. According to bylaws, individual or small groups of producers must come to the Cobb Hill land use committee to work out leases for common land and farm buildings.
Products of the farm from 2006
7897 eggs58 lbs chicken sausage220 lbs of honey970 lbs of chicken meat800 ten lb. wheels Ascutney Mountain alpine cheese400 ten lb. wheels Four Corners Caerphilly2833 bales of high quality hay635 lbs of packaged lamb meat104,063 lbs fluid milk for cheese
1500 lbs of fluid milk for customers800 lbs beef9 replacement dairy heifers100,000 lbs composted manure131 gallons of maple syrupSeveral tons of 40 types of vegetablesFlowers/ herbs
Whey: an undeveloped resource usually used for pig food, or added to manure piles, but recently bathed in by a visiting young man who tells us it has incredible therapeutic qualities.
Ecovillage at Ithaca, 3NeighborhoodsOn-site educational programs
67
Earth-bermed root cellar -built in a workshop class
Where is cohousing going from here?
Our MissionThe mission of Belfast Cohousing & Ecovillage is to be a model environmentally sustainable, affordable, multi-generational cohousing community that is easily accessible to Belfast, includes land reserved for agricultural use and open space, and is an innovative housing option for rural Maine.
Passive House CohousingBelfast Cohousing & Ecovillage, Belfast, ME
Brownfield RedevelopmentJamaica Plain Cohousing -Boston, MA
P1010261- court & CH
Adaptive ReuseEastern Village, Silver Spring, MD
Neighborhood Retrofit Cohousing
N Street Cohousing, Davis, CA
Consider this potential in neighborhoods with high foreclosures...
Affordable Rental CohousingPetaluma Avenue, Sebastopol, CA
Senior CohousingSilver Sage Cohousing, Boulder, CO
Model for "Supportive Housing"
Schematic Design for Supportive Housing for returning veterans and their families -based on cohousing model. Common House also includes job training and service offices.
Model for other multi-family housing developers
Recorder My Turn 09-30-10.jpg
Wisdom Way-snow.gif
Developers of the near-net-zero affordable housing project in Greenfield, visited Pioneer Valley Cohousing to learn from it.
Cohousing Association of the United StatesBuilding a more sustainable world,one neighborhood at a time
CohoLogoWithURL.jpg
Focus of CohoUS:-Increase understanding of cohousing model and benefits
-Decrease barriers to development
-Support new groups and existing communitiesCurrent national agenda
-DC conference in June
Summary:Cohousing is a well defined, growing movement.Cohousing has proven to be more sustainable than most models of multifamily housing:-Energy study of NE area communities: better than average housing, trend improving over time
-National study of economic and social sustainability: preliminary results showing much better than average. Cohousing is flexible, adaptable, and evolving.
Questions that this study raised for us:-Is this meaningful data for informing multifamily developments?
-Is cohousing just a niche market? And if so, is it still influential?
-If not, how do we reduce barriers to meet a growing demand?
-What other models are there that are as good as or better than cohousing (environmentally and socially)?
-How will rental cohousing perform?
-Is it time for large housing developers to adopt or learn from cohousing?
-Is it time for assisted living developers to adopt or learn from senior cohousing?
-Should every mixed use development have a cohousing project?
kfa-logo
Kraus-Fitch Architects have been involved in the programming and/or design of over two-dozen cohousing communities.
Cohousing Association of the United StatesBuilding a more sustainable world,one neighborhood at a time
CohoLogoWithURL.jpg
Questions?
College of the Atlantic Davis Student Village
Thomas Hartman, Marc Rosenbaum, Phil LaClaire, Mel Coombs, Millard Dority
BuildingEnergy10
Comfort by Design: An Introduction to HVAC's Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Technology
Nick Conklin
BuildingEnergy 11
1
Comfort by Design
An Introduction to
HVAC's Variable Refrigerant Flow
(VRF) Technology
2
Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by U.S. and International copyright
laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation
without written permission of the speaker is prohibited.
©2010
mitsu-elec-hvac-stacked_c-REV
Learning Objectives(Required Slide)
•Identify the fundamentals of new VRF
technology
•Identify the benefits of VRF
•Evaluate the energy efficiency and
environmental impact of VRF technology
•Identify the many building design options
available with VRF technology
4
Outline
•What is VRF Technology?
•Types of VRF Systems
•VRF Advantages/Benefits
•VRF Energy Efficiency and LEED®
5
VRF Technology Overview
6
BIGR2B
What is VRF Technology?
7
INVERTER-driven Compressor
Time
Room Temperature
-Enables capacity operation as low as 4%
-Sizing flexibility with variable capacity
-Enables long runtimes
-Reduces compressor cycling
-Improves temperature control
VRF
VRF
VRF
SETPOINT
CONVENTIONAL
8
VRF Heat Recovery Technology
simultaneous-diagram
Simultaneous cooling and heating
9
VRF Heat Pump Technology
cooling-diagram
heating-diagram
COOLING
HEATING
10
VRF Integrated Controls
•Easy to install and operate
•2-wire DDC (Direct Digital Control) system
-16ga stranded and shielded, non-polar
-Daisy-chain connection
•Customizable control scheme with web
access
•Individual room controls
•Color touch screen centralized control
•Integration into building management
system via BACnet®and Lonworks®
•Third-party equipment control
•Tenant billing capability
j0387931
Typical Heat Pump System:
E-eco10HP_2
Y-Series: Cooling & Heat PumpH2I Y-Series: Cooling & Hyper-heat Pump
WY-Series: Water-source Cooling & Heat Pump
OUTDOORUNIT
CONTROLSYSTEM+par-f27mea
Y-SERIES
SYSTEM
=
INDOORUNITS
+
............(..)
or
E-eco10HP_2
or
or
or
WY-SERIESSYSTEM
H2i Y-SERIES
SYSTEM
=
=
WATER-SOURCE UNIT
Typical Heat Recovery System:E-eco10HP_2
R2-Series: Simultaneous Cooling & Heating
WR2-Series: Water-source Simultaneous Cooling & Heating
OUTDOORUNIT
CONTROLSYSTEM
+
par-f27mea
R2-SERIESSYSTEM
=
BC
CONTROLLER
+
bc-controller2
INDOORUNITS+
or
WR2-SERIESSYSTEM
=
or
WATER-SOURCE UNIT............(..)
Typical Smaller Heat Pump
System:
S-Series: Cooling & Heat Pump
OUTDOORUNIT
CONTROLSYSTEM
+
par-f27mea
S-SERIES
SYSTEM
=
INDOORUNITS
+
14
VRF System
Advantages
15
Low Ambient Heating with VRF
Hyper-heating Inverter Y-Series Outdoor Units
Unit or
Combination
Total Cooling
Capacity
(Nominal
BTU/h)
Total Heating
Capacity
(Nominal
BTU/h)
Total Heating
Capacity
5oFW.B.
Outdoor 100%
of nominal
Total Heating
Capacity
-4oFW.B.
Outdoor 88%
of nominal
Total
Connected
Indoor Units
P72
72,000
80,000
80,000
70,400
15
P96
96,000
108,000
108,000
95,040
21
P144
144,000
160,000
160,000
140,800
31
P192
192,000
216,000
216,000
190,080
41
Nominal cooling conditions:
Indoor: 80degF D.B. / 67degF W.B.
Outdoor: 95degF D.B.
Nominal heating conditions:
Indoor: 70degF D.B. / 67degF W.B.
Outdoor: 47degF D.B. / 43degF W.B.
Hyper-heating Inverter Y-Series
Outdoor Units
B
A
H
High Pressure B -C
Medium Pressure C -E/F
Low Pressure G -H
Injection Circuit E -A
Superheated VaporLiquid
Saturated Liquid
Saturated Liquid
Subcooled Liquid
Subcooled Liquid
Superheated Vapor
Liquid/Vapor mixture
Liquid/Vapor Mix
HIC
Coil
Indoor
Coil
Outdoor
Indoor Unit
Outdoor Unit
Comp.
Accum.
Reversing
Valve
TH6
IDU
LEV
TH2
TH3
TH7
TH4
D
E
C
F
G
J
SV9
LEV2a
LEV1
LEV4
SV2
Component Diagram (Heating)
Pressure-Enthalpy Cycle (Heating)
Hyper-heating Inverter Y-Series
Outdoor Units
C
B
E
D
F
LEV4
I
J
A
Standard System
G
H
HIC
IDU
LEV
LEV2
LEV1
The heat that is normally
wasted in the flash process at
the outdoor coil is picked up
here in the HIC (heat interchanger).
Area of efficiency gained in
the outdoor coil normally lost to
flash gas
HIC
Liquid is subcooled
here before entering
the outdoor coil
Flash injection enters
compressor here to cool
compressor
19
VRF and Existing Buildings
•Less intrusive to existing architecture
•Small refrigerant piping instead of large ductwork
•Outdoor installation flexibility
20
VRF Equipment Weight Savings
•Average equipment weight per ton for VRF is
70 lbs per ton (outdoor unit only)
•Average equipment weight per ton for water-
cooled chiller is 101 lbs./ton
31% reduction in equipment weight
21
Weight Reduction = Structural Reduction
22
office-3a
office-3a
VRF Frees Up Building Space
23
Green Roof
roof1
Smaller Footprint = More
Green Space
24
VRF Energy-Efficiency
Simultaneous Cooling and Heating
Variable Capacity/Temperature using
Valve Control at the Indoor Units
RED = Higher Temp/Pressure
BLUE = Lower Temp/Pressure
RED = Higher Temp/Pressure
BLUE = Lower Temp/Pressure
GREEN = Medium Temp/Pressure
VRF Efficiencies
29
iStock_000003879138Medium.jpg
VRF Systems and Energy Modeling
•Energy usage and cost for
the VRF systems can be
modeled using EnergyProEnergyPro uses DOE2.1e to
model and compare VRF to
other HVAC system
•EnergyPro is approved for
use with LEED EAc1
http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:7Q9EcEwDvt5aoM:http://www.consciousdesignmagazine.com/CC/2009/Jan/usgbc20logo2.jpg
30
EAC1 -Energy Cost Savings
VRF Total Energy Cost Savings
graph2a
Superior High School -Superior, NE image_left
•School was served by two existing gas boilers and was
heating only.
•Replaced old boilers with VRF and new modulating boilers to
function as back-up heat.
VRF Provided Cooling and Reduced Energy Use
by 25%
72,000 SF School
36,000 SF Heated and
Cooled using VRF
36,000 Heated using Boilers
Superior High School Metered Data
020000000040000000060000000080000000010000000001200000000Energy (BTU)
AugSeptOctNovDecJanFebMarchAprilMayJuneJulyEnergy Use Before and After VRFEnergy use 2003/2004Energy use 2004/2005Energy use 2005/2006
Burlingham HallLEED®Gold
•Electrical usage reduction of42.9%vs.
ASHRAE 90.1 Baseline
•Gas usage reduction of 67%vs. ASHRAE
90.1 Baseline
•Awarded 7 LEED points for EAc1$34,400 annualutility savings
Pacific University
pu2
34
Re-Cap: Benefits of VRF Systems
•Space Utilization
-Installation flexibility to meet building space requirements
-Minimal impact to existing building architecture and structure
•Occupant Comfort
-Individual comfort control
-Indoor unit flexibility to meet the needs of any space
-Meets occupant ventilation air requirements
-Quiet operation
•Energy Savings
-Inverter driven compressor
-No waste heat
-Meets requirements for LEED points
35
Thank you for your time!
Questions?
This concludes The American Institute of Architects
Continuing Education Systems Program
www.mehvac.com
mitsu-elec-hvac-stacked_c-REV
Commercial Solar Thermal Systems
Everett M. Barber, Jr.
BuildingEnergy10
Commonwealth Solar Hot Water Rebate Program
Carter Wall
BuildingEnergy 11
MassachusettsCleanEnergyCenter_ColorA_300dpi.jpg
MA Its All Here.JPG
Commonwealth Solar Hot Water Rebate Program
March 10, 2011
NESEA BuildingEnergy11
1
Massachusetts Clean Energy and Climate Plan for 2020
"A policy framework will be established to achieve a mature and self-sustaining market for solar thermal water and space heating in both residential and commercial buildings."
-http://www.mass.gov/Eoeea/docs/eea/energy/2020-clean-energy-plan.pdf
A 100,000 ton reduction in emissions due to solar thermal is forecast in the Plan.
2
The market for solar water heating has plenty of room to grow in Massachusetts
Source: Mass Save, Massachusetts Statewide Energy Efficiency Study, 2010
3
•Heating water accounts for 20% of household energy consumption
•Solar water heating displaces 50-80% of the energy used to make hot water in a household.
1,099,611
562,023
415,409
48,872
317,665
Natural Gas -45%
Electric -23%
Fuel Oil -17%
Propane -2%
Unknown -13%
Number of households by fuel used to heat water in Massachusetts
Job Creation Potential
•Approximately 20-40 installers operating in the state currently
•Commonwealth Solar program: $68 million (30% incentive) built PV installer base from 50 to over 200 in 2 years
•European solar thermal trade group estimates 0.81 jobs/1000 sfof collector
4
PV-installation-Virginia.jpg
Cost Savings for the End-User
5
Solar hot water system cost savings come from incentives and decreased fuel consumption.Incentives:•Typical residential system for a family of 4-5 is $8,000-10,000
•MA rebate plus 30% federal tax credit plus $1000 state tax credit can reduce cost 50%
Case Study: Residential solar thermal system for a 4-5 person family using electricity to heat water*
Installed cost
$9,500
Less average MassCEC rebate
($1,000)
Less state tax credit
($1,000)
Less federal tax credit
($2,250)
Total cost
$5,250
Annual savings, 3500 kwh
$700
@ $ 0.20/kwh
Payback = 8 years
*Source: Cape Light Compact
Cost Savings for the End-User
6
Fuel consumption savings: •Paybacks differ based on backup fuel and amount of consumption
People in Household
System Size (ft2)
Natural Gas
(years)
Fuel Oil
(years)
Electric
(years)
2-4
54
24.6
18.6
8.4
4-5
81
22.5
17.0
7.7
5-7
97
21.0
15.9
7.2
7-9
121
19.2
14.5
6.6
MA Residential Rebate Pilot
•Pilot rebate program for 1 year, on average $1000 for a 4-5 person household
•$1 million budget, including audit program, building inspector training, and marketing with industry
•Open to displace all fuels
•Additional incentive for MA-manufactured components
7
MA Rebate Structure
•Rebate in addition to state/federal tax credits, and any other rebates or loans available (e.g. Cape Light Compact, Heat Loan)
•Capped at $3500 or 25% of total installed costs
•MA mfrs adder $200/system
8
Residential Solar Thermal Rebates in other New England States
•Connecticut Clean Energy Fund: $275/mmbtu
•Efficiency Maine: lesser of $1000 or 25% of costs
•New Hampshire PUC: currently up to $2900
•Rhode Island: Currently no rebate, although loan funds available to some projects
•Efficiency Vermont: $1.50/100 Btu/day up to 200 kBtu/day
9
Help us build consumer info: send to solarhotwater@masscec.com
•Help us build the list of Massachusetts-manufactured components.
•Help us build the list of companies who will do installations in Massachusetts: send company name, address, phone, web/email, any relevant certifications, and whether you offer maintenance service
•Give us ideas on how to market the program
10
Commonwealth Wind Community Scale Program: Support for Project Development
Martha Broad
BuildingEnergy 11
MassachusettsCleanEnergyCenter_ColorA_300dpi.jpg
MassachusettsCleanEnergyCenter_ColorA_300dpi.jpg
MA Its All Here.JPG
Commonwealth Wind Community Scale Program: Support for Project DevelopmentMartha Broad, MassCECwww.masscec.com
Commonwealth Wind CommunityScale:.Program Goals
.Support We Provide
.How to Apply for Support
.Challenges
.Opportunities
Overview
MassCEC
Idea ResearchDevelopmentManufacturingProject/Installation
Investments in Clean Technology
Workforce Development
Clean Energy Sector Development
Renewable Energy Generation: Wind, Solar, Hydro, LFG
Commonwealth Wind Program
Commercial:>2MWFeasibility Grants and Development LoansServe ISO-NE Wholesale Market
Community Scale:
100kW to 2MW*
Site Assessments, Feasibility and Design/Construction Grants
*Public projects cap =10MW
Micro:
Up to 100kW
Construction Capacity/Production Rebates
Community Scale Program Goals
Support the BEST projects to help achieve the Governor's goal:
2000 MW wind by 2020 (25% or 500 MW land-based)
"BEST"?
.Responsibly-sited
.Cost-effective (MassCEC $/kWh)
.Realistic and timely development schedules
MassCEC Project Support
.Competitive grant programapprox. 3x a year
.Grant Amounts:
•$20K to $85K for Feasibility
•$100K to $400K for D&C
.$9 million awarded over past two years
.Information clearinghouse
.List of wind consultants (NOT pre-qualified by MassCEC)
.Database of projects
Wind Development Process
Site Assessment
Feasibility Study
Development
(permitting)
Procurement & Construction
Operation
Decom.
7
1 to 2 months
12 to 15 months
6 to 12 months
20+ years
6 to 12 months
3 to 6 months
25 months to 41 months
NOTE: Steps and duration vary according to project size
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
2001
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Capacity (kW)
Year of Installation
Community Scale and Micro Wind
Installed and Projected Wind Capacity Thru 2011
Community Scale Pipeline -Approx kW
Community and MicroWind Installed kW
towns
Key:
2008 and earlier
2009
2010
2011
2012 and beyond
Public
Private
100-250 kW
600-900 kW
1500-2000 kW
Community Scale Installed through 2008
towns
Key:
2008 and earlier
2009
2010
2011
2012 and beyond
Public
Private
100-250 kW
600-900 kW
1500-2000 kW
Community Scale Installed through 2009
towns
Community Scale Installed through 2010
Key:
2008 and earlier
2009
2010
2011
2012 and beyond
Public
Private
100-250 kW
600-900 kW
1500-2000 kW
towns
Community Scale Installed and Pipeline Wind Projects
Key:
Installed
Pipeline
Public
Non-Public
100-250 kW
600-900 kW
1500-2000 kW
13
2007: Large Onsite Wind
Jiminy Peak
GE 1,500 kW
Turbine%20Complete
DSC_0099-sm
14
2008: Large Onsite Wind
DSC_0086
Holy Name High School, Worcester RRB 600 kW
2010: Large Onsite Wind
wind turbine 045.jpg
wind turbine 051.jpg
Dept. of Corrections, Gardner MA
Two 1.65 MW Vestas V82s
What Makes a Strong Grant Application?
Feasibility Applications
•Wind speed => 6 m/s @ 70m)
•Technical consultants are experienced
•Applicant showscommitment
•Teamhas started publicoutreach
•No obvious permitting challenges
•Complies w/ localzoning
Design and Construction Applications
.Experienced team
.Public outreach is a priority
.Wind resource analysis: thorough and clear
.Detailed acoustic and flicker studies
.Possible sources of financing identified
MassachusettsCleanEnergyCenter_ColorA_300dpi.jpg
Challenges
•PermittingMaintain focus on science-based analysis :acousticsflickerproperty values
.Perseverance
.Potential off-takers
.Policy Implementation is in process
MassachusettsCleanEnergyCenter_ColorA_300dpi.jpg
Opportunities
.New site owner/project owner models
.Net metering economics
.Number of participants growing
.Political leadership
.Carbon and pollution reduction
Questions?
Martha Broad
Senior Project Manager
617 315 9312
mbroad@masscec.com
MassachusettsCleanEnergyCenter_ColorA_300dpi.jpg
MassachusettsCleanEnergyCenter_ColorA_300dpi.jpg
Communities See Green in the Wind
Kristen Burke and Caroline Conway
NE Sun Spring, 2005
Community Colleges: Preparing Students for the Job Ahead
Joseph Sarubbi
BuildingEnergy09
Community Colleges: Preparing Students for the Job Ahead
John Kidder
BuildingEnergy09
Comparison of Long-Term Performance of Solar Thermal Systems Using Evacuated Tube & Flat Plate Collectors
Everett M. Barber, Jr. & Emaan Ammar
BuildingEnergy10
Comparison of Two Types of Solar Heat Collection Loops
Everett M. Barber, Jr.
BuildingEnergy10
Concrete, Steel and Glass; Thermal Bridges, Gains & Losses: Will They Deep Six Your Project?
Jim D'Aloisio & Russ Miller-Johnson
BuildingEnergy 11
Concrete, Steel & Glass Thermal Bridges, Gains & Losses: Will They Deep Six Your Project?Part II -The Building Structure
NASCC Building Energy 2011 -Thurs. 10 March
Jim D'Aloisio, P.E., SECB, LEED AP -Klepper, Hahn & Hyatt
Russ Miller-Johnson, P.E. -Engineering Ventures, LLC
Learning Objectives
•Compare the energy loss potential of details with thermal steel bridging, compared to an envelope with no bridging.
•Identify structural details that can compromise a building envelope's performance.
•Contrast the energy loss potential of different foundation and slab edge details.
Turn R-Values On Their HEADS
U /inchR /inch0.1010.0Silica Aerogel / Nanogel0.273.7EPS - Expanded Polystyrene0.293.5Cellulose0.402.5Fiberglass reinforced plastic0.502.0Fiberglass - batts0.591.7Wood Framing0.911.1Autoclaved Aerated Concrete10.00.1Normal Weight Concrete1110.009Stainless Steel3230.0031Carbon Steel17240.00058Aluminum21280.00047Gold27780.00036Copper30300.00033SilverR is Thermal RESISTANCE (U.S. units)
U is Thermal TRANSMISSION U = 1 / R
Thermal Steel Bridging
•Its effect can be modeled with good energy modeling software, but it's usually not.
•Can be responsible for much more energy loss from buildings than most designers realize.
•Its effect increases with better thermal and air barrier efficiency in the rest of the envelope.
•Amount of energy loss depends on:
-The thermal difference between inside and outside.
-The efficiency of the collection and dissipation of the heat energy on the inside and outside of the steel.
-The thermal mass of the elements.
•Is not adequately addressed by most codes.
•Can cause other problems besides energy loss.
Understanding R's and U's
Heat paths through envelopes
with different materials are either
Parallel =>orSeries =>
R -Values
-Values for different materials can be added in series, e.g. 12" concrete + 3" EPS = 1.2 + 11.1 = 12.3
-Values CANNOT be added for parallel heat paths,
e.g. a steel plate passing through EPS.
U -Values
-Values CANNOT be added for materials in series.
-For parallel heat paths, the overall U-value can be tallied using the algebraic sum of the areas.
Maximum Reduction of InsulationR-Value Due to Thermal Steel Bridging
REFF = ATOTAL= ATOTAL A1•U1 + A2•U2 A1/R1 + A2/R2REFF is NOT A1•R1 + A2•R2 ATOTALExampleAEPS = 99.9%REPS = 3.7/inch UEPS= 0.27/inchASTEEL= 0.1%RSTEEL= 0.0031/inch USTEEL =320/inchREFF = 1 / [(0.999) (0.27) + (0.001) (320) = 1.7 /inch This is a 54% reduction in the original EPS's insulating value!***~~~~~~~~~~~~
Maximum Reduction of InsulationR-Value Due to Thermal Steel Bridging
REFF = ATOTAL= ATOTAL A1•U1 + A2•U2 A1/R1 + A2/R2***Limitations to This Formula***~~~~~~~~~~~~-Based on the materials which are present within the insulation thickness only -not the entire envelope
-Based on steady state system, i.e. no influence of thermal mass on temperature cycles
-Assumes heat can be fully collected and dissipated on the interior and exterior -frequently not the case
Maximum Reduction of InsulationR-Value Due to Thermal Steel Bridging
Brick Relieving Angles
Steel Shelf Angle Supporting Exterior Masonry Wythe, Using Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic to Minimize Thermal Bridging
Top -Plan View
Bottom -Section
European Stainless Steel Relieving Angle Assembly
European Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Lintel
Stainless Steel Plate "Through" Insulation By Design
C:\Users\russmj\Desktop\NESEA\lintel\03162-S5-4 Model (1).jpg
Mid-Rise Hotel, 2005
Reduce penetrations & Span "outside" of envelope
Continuous Roof Edge Angles
Steel Lintels Continuous Across Full Thickness of Wall
Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Angles Used as Shim in Hung Steel Lintel
High School Classroom AdditionUpstate NY -September 2009
Balconies and Canopies
Pushing Structure
through the
Building Envelope
Steel Thermal Break Connections By Design
Commercial Building Canopy @ Hanover, NH
08218 S502 Model (1).jpg
canopy pic.jpg
Reduce Conductivity
& Insert Insulation
Insulate or Less Conductive Structure @ Overhangs?
C:\Users\russmj\Desktop\NESEA\edges\05282 S3-1 Model (1).jpg
C:\Documents and Settings\ev-user\Desktop\fabric\IMG_1608.jpg
05841 S5-1 Model (1).jpg
C:\Users\russmj\Desktop\NESEA\edges\09892 S-3.5 Model (1).jpg
Less Conductive Connections
Z-Clip:
connecting panel skin through insulation to wall support system
Carbon SteelU =0.12
Stainless Steel
U=0.07
FRP
U=0.05
Connection for
VT Industrial
Facility @
Entrance (under
Construction)
Manufactured Structural Thermal Break Assemblies
Concrete Framing
Installed @ NY Hospital
(Photos pending Spring)
Steel Framing
Bid & Accepted @ VT Industrial Facility
C:\Users\russmj\Desktop\NESEA\mstbas\09892 S-3.5 Model (1).jpg
SECTION 13471 -MANUFACTURED STRUCTURAL THERMAL BREAK ASSEMBLIES
PART 1 GENERAL
1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS
Drawings and general provisions of the Contract, including General and Supplementary Conditions and Division 01 Specification Sections, apply to this Section.
1.2 SUMMARY
Engineered factory fabricated thermally-broken structural assemblies for connecting exterior canopy and balcony steel framing to interior structural steel framing.
Wall Base
Design Development @ Animal Care Building
C:\Users\russmj\Desktop\NESEA\mstbas\10702 S4.2 Model (1).jpg
http://www.schoeck.co.uk/upload/media/schoeckmedia/157/.thumb_178_300_Novomur_frei%5B237%5D.jpg
Building Base Insulation
C:\Users\russmj\Desktop\NESEA\insul base\INSUL COL TOP Model (1).jpg
C:\Users\russmj\Desktop\NESEA\insul base\West view 8-13.jpg
Reducing large conductive structural element
Cold Storage Buildings "inside-out"
IMG_1606.jpg
Column Base Insulation
Thermal movement materials
D:\Photos\AIA submission photos\5. Bridge and treehouse looking west.jpg
C:\Documents and Settings\Sandy\My Documents\My Pictures\Concrete presentation\Black\column.jpg
S:\PROJECTS\0-2008\08218 Currier Blgd NH\photos\2009-1-3\2008-2-3 006.jpg
Wall Base Insulation
Thermal Energy Loss at Top of Foundation Wall / Exterior Edge of Slab on Grade
Foundation Insulation:Outside or Inside?
OUTSIDE
•Must protect top-down to 6" below grade
•Consider site conditions
•SOG can butt right up against foundation wall
•Insulation reduces footing depth required for frost protection
•Much less common
INSIDE•No protection needed
•No need to consider site conditions
•SOG should be insulated at edge
•Insulation eliminates doing shallow frost protected foundations
•Much more common
Foundation Insulation:Or Middle?
MIDDLE•No protection needed
•No need to consider site conditions
•SOG should be insulated at edge
•Insulation eliminates doing shallow frost protected foundations
•Like PCC System
C:\Users\russmj\Desktop\NESEA\insul base\08325 S500 Model (1).jpg
Foundation Wall With "Inner" Insulation
High School Classroom Addition
Upstate NY -October 2009
Elementary School Band Room Addition
Upstate NY -August 2009
-Door Thresholds
-Porches
-Balconies
-Decks
-Loading Docks
-Structural Slabs Integrated with Exterior Walls
Challenging Conditions to Maintain Thermal Breaks
Challenging Conditions to Maintain Thermal Breaks
Door Thresholds
C:\Users\russmj\Desktop\NESEA\insul base\08298 S5.1 Model (2).jpg
Challenging Conditions to Maintain Thermal Breaks
Loading Dock
C:\Users\russmj\Desktop\NESEA\insul base\08298 S5.1 Model (1).jpg
Challenging Conditions to Maintain Thermal Breaks
C:\Users\russmj\Desktop\NESEA\insul base\09892 S-3.7 Model (1).jpg
Structural Slabs Integrated with Exterior Walls
Insulated Metal Panel System
Flowable Fill
Can be used to reduce excavation depth and quantity of concrete (and Portland Cement) used
QUIZ TIME
•How much more heat conductive is carbon steel, compared to EPS insulation?
•Is stainless steel more heat conductive, or less, than carbon steel?
•Does the structural engineer play a role in energy efficient building envelope detailing?
•What structural connections to the building envelope can NOT be made less thermally conductive?
Questions?
Thank you for your time!
NASCC Building Energy 2011 -Thurs. 10 March
Jim D'Aloisio, P.E., SECB, LEED AP -Klepper, Hahn & Hyatt
Russ Miller-Johnson, P.E., -Engineering Ventures, LLC
Concrete, Steel & Glass Thermal Bridges, Gains & Losses: Will They Deep Six Your Project?Part II -The Building Structure
Connecticut CT--Wind Resource Map
USDOE / NREL
Maps
Controversy on the Cape
Meghan Houlihan
NE Sun Spring, 2003
Cool Green Building Products from BuildingGreen 2011
Brent Ehrlich
BuildingEnergy 11
Cool Green Building Products from
BuildingGreen 2011
Cool Products: Wilo and Grundfos "Smart" ECM Circulation Pumps
•
Circulating water for hydronic heating, solar, chilled water, other needs
•
Variablefrequency
•
drive (VFD)
•
ECM motor
•
Wilo led the industry
(German company)
•
7090% savings in
pumping energy
Business as Usual: Birds Killed by Colliding with Building Glass
•
More than 100 million birds-and as many as 1 billion-killed each year in the U.S. from collisions
from collisions with glass
•
Daniel Klem, Ph.D. calls this the second largest cause of bird mortality after loss of habitat
Cool Product: Geopier Rammed Aggregate Pier (RAP)
Used in clay and silt, sand, silt, peat, and soils below the ground water table.
Geopier can result in less:
•
Excavation
•
Site disturbance
•
Trucking
•
Concrete use
•
$$$$ spent (20%-50% savings over other options)
Geopier RAP
•
Drill shafts 30" wide
and 7'-30' deep
•
Crushed rock is added in small batches or "lifts" (recycled concrete can be used)
.• Hydraulic hammer
Hydraulic hammer compacts rock at 400 hits/min at between 1 and 2 million ftlbs
• System can be anchored for uplift or highwind conditions
Photo: Ohio School Facilities Commission
Cool Product: Stealth Toilet from Niagara Conservation
•
Less water use than the
lowflush option on most
dualflush toilets
•
Very quiet operation
•
RRadically different design ll d i
•
di diff
-
Vacuum is passively
created during flush,
sucks waste out
-
Different from pressure
assist
-
Air bubble in the trapway
pushes water up to
create a large water spot
Photo: Niagara Conservation
Cool Product: Knight Wall CIGirt
CI=Continuous Insulation
Continuous insulation is
installed across steel
framing so the only
penetrations are for the
penetrations are for the
rainscreen frame supports
and necessary openings.
With traditional rainscreen
insulation a theoretical
(nominal) Rvalue can be
>R20 but drop to an
effective Rvalue of
Knight Wall also Offers LevelTek "SelfLeveling" System
Can be used with mineral wool insulation, retrofits or out-ofplumb walls, and between 2" and 6" insulation
Cool Product: Delta Breez Bathroom Fan
•
Delta world's largest provider of DC brushless fans and switching power supplies, primarily used in laptops and other computer systems
•
80-130 cfm
•
Lit, unlit, dualspeed, and humiditysensing models
•
Very quiet at <0.30 sone
(1.0 sone is about as loud
Photos: Delta Products Corp.
as a refrigerator)
Cool Product: Delta Breez Bathroom Fan
•
Engineered to withstand continuous
use
•
Humidity controls automatically adjust
the fan speed
•
Wall switch controls the speed and
function for dual speed and humidity
controls
•
Backdraft damper
•
One housing size 9.7" w/ 12.4" (unlit)
and 14.0" (lit) grills, but more options
available in 2011
Xicato LED Spot Module
• Xicato Spot Module combined with heat sink, reflector, and remote LED driver
.• Very rapid
Very rapid prototyping by fixture mfgrs.
•
Modular fabrication
•
Working with several dozen fixture mfgrs.
•
LumeLEX 2024 from LSI shown
Photo: Lighting Services Inc
Cool Green Building Products from
BuildingGreen 2011
Cool Products: Wilo and Grundfos "Smart" ECM Circulation Pumps
•
Circulating water for hydronic heating, solar, chilled water, other needs
•
Variablefrequency
•
drive (VFD)
•
ECM motor
•
Wilo led the industry
(German company)
•
7090% savings in
pumping energy
Business as Usual: Birds Killed by Colliding with Building Glass
•
More than 100 million birds-and as many as 1 billion-killed each year in the U.S. from collisions
from collisions with glass
•
Daniel Klem, Ph.D. calls this the second largest cause of bird mortality after loss of habitat
Cool Product: Geopier Rammed Aggregate Pier (RAP)
Used in clay and silt, sand, silt, peat, and soils below the ground water table.
Geopier can result in less:
•
Excavation
•
Site disturbance
•
Trucking
•
Concrete use
•
$$$$ spent (20%-50% savings over other options)
Geopier RAP
•
Drill shafts 30" wide
and 7'-30' deep
•
Crushed rock is added in small batches or "lifts" (recycled concrete can be used)
.• Hydraulic hammer
Hydraulic hammer compacts rock at 400 hits/min at between 1 and 2 million ftlbs
• System can be anchored for uplift or highwind conditions
Photo: Ohio School Facilities Commission
Cool Product: Stealth Toilet from Niagara Conservation
•
Less water use than the
lowflush option on most
dualflush toilets
•
Very quiet operation
•
RRadically different design ll d i
•
di diff
-
Vacuum is passively
created during flush,
sucks waste out
-
Different from pressure
assist
-
Air bubble in the trapway
pushes water up to
create a large water spot
Photo: Niagara Conservation
Cool Product: Knight Wall CIGirt
CI=Continuous Insulation
Continuous insulation is
installed across steel
framing so the only
penetrations are for the
penetrations are for the
rainscreen frame supports
and necessary openings.
With traditional rainscreen
insulation a theoretical
(nominal) Rvalue can be
>R20 but drop to an
effective Rvalue of
Knight Wall also Offers LevelTek "SelfLeveling" System
Can be used with mineral wool insulation, retrofits or out-ofplumb walls, and between 2" and 6" insulation
Cool Product: Delta Breez Bathroom Fan
•
Delta world's largest provider of DC brushless fans and switching power supplies, primarily used in laptops and other computer systems
•
80-130 cfm
•
Lit, unlit, dualspeed, and humiditysensing models
•
Very quiet at <0.30 sone
(1.0 sone is about as loud
Photos: Delta Products Corp.
as a refrigerator)
Cool Product: Delta Breez Bathroom Fan
•
Engineered to withstand continuous
use
•
Humidity controls automatically adjust
the fan speed
•
Wall switch controls the speed and
function for dual speed and humidity
controls
•
Backdraft damper
•
One housing size 9.7" w/ 12.4" (unlit)
and 14.0" (lit) grills, but more options
available in 2011
Xicato LED Spot Module
• Xicato Spot Module combined with heat sink, reflector, and remote LED driver
.• Very rapid
Very rapid prototyping by fixture mfgrs.
•
Modular fabrication
•
Working with several dozen fixture mfgrs.
•
LumeLEX 2024 from LSI shown
Photo: Lighting Services Inc
Creating Desired Futures in a Global Society
Peter Senge
NE Sun Spring, 2004
Cross Cutting Technologies in Renewables: Grid Connected Renewables, Grid Control Through Inverters and Other High Speed Power Electronics
Leo Casey
BuildingEnergy 11
PL Bro Cover Bkgrd
Cross Cutting Technologies in Renewables --Grid Connected Renewables, Grid Control throughInverters and other High Speed Power Electronics
Dr. Leo Casey, EVP & CTO, Satcon Technology
Leo.casey@satcon.com
Description: BE11PageNESEAsite2
Faster, Smarter, Controllable,
Greener, Distributed,
Grid
the Key is?
-Power Electronics-
PCS01
F:\USERS\SUPPORT\HDANSER\P5.jpg
H:\CAD_Drawings\PHOTO_JOB_ARCHIVE\Scanned Images\PRODUCT_DEVELOPMENT\SVR Unit Perspective 2.jpg
Satcon Logo Gradated PPT
Renewable Energy
Energy Storage
Distributed Energy
Grid Support
1985 MIT-DRAPER
Today
Patriot -1992
WEC/NG 1999
2003 Subsidiary Corporations
FMI & HiComp
1998
Magmotor
1997
InverPower
2001
BEACON
1997
Technology Development
Our Alternative Energy Journey
Divested
2007
-Products-Principally PV-#1 Utility Scale -International-450+ employees-150 patents, 2GW-Profitable
F:\USERS\SUPPORT\HDANSER\P5.jpg
Presentation Overview
•Quick Review of Cost, Trends and Opportunities in Solar PV ($/watt ?, SunShot? )
•Role of electronics within that Solar PV context
•Grid issues (background to smartGridand context of renewable integration, problem or solution ?)
•Synthesis of Power Electronics, Controls and Renewables to lead the way in terms of costs, intermittency, controllability and adoption
Overview
Grid -backbone of 150 years of industrialization, BUT aging infrastructure, designed for electromechancialdevices, increasing penetration of renewables, slow centralized controls, needs transformation
Vision -Faster, Smarter interfaces, coordinated local and central controls at different time scales
Overcoming Technical Obstacles -Controllable, Distributed, Renewables thru Electronics
Elecromechanicsvs Electronics -Speed vs Overload capability, outlook positive for Electronics
Storage -The holy grail, but, how essential and on what time scales?
Costs, options, other electronic devices?
The US Grid
Eastern Interconnect--"the World's Biggest Machine" 925,000,000 hp -2,000,000 sq mi --3600rpm
Electric Power -More Electric Future
•Dominant secondarysource of energy
•Grid is a BEAUTIFULthing
-Instantaneous energy
-ac
-Rugged generators
-Spinning "reserve"
-Excess capacity (>15% is critical) SIZED FOR 20%+
-Low Impedance
-Fault clearance
-Overload
Electricity Infrastructure
Transmission SCADA control points
FERC grid monitor/control 12
Network Reliability Coordinating Centers 20
Regional Transmission Control Centers 130
Utility control centers >300
Power plants 10,500
Large (>500 MW) 500
Small (<500 MW) 10,000
Transmission Lines 680,000 miles
Transmission substations 7,000
Local distribution lines 2.5 million miles
Local distribution substations 100,000
•Beautiful, but
-no significant energy storage
-Supply must equal demand
-generator power angle
-minimal local control
-Time constraints of protective devices
•Importance of storage (some storage)
-Distribution (remoteness of generation and utilization)
-Load leveling (excess capacity), energy arbitrage
-Power Quality (4-5 9's vs 5-6+ in EU)
-Intermittent Renewables (WIND)
Modern Grid Issues
•An age of Increasing Electrification (~1TW capacity in EI),
-BUT
•Energy sources problematic (climate, security!)
•Grid Power Quality is inadequate to electronic age (many aspects to this)
•Slow and Archaic Electromechanical Hardware & Controls
•Congestion in T&D infrastructure
•NIMBY etc
-SOMEANSWERS
•Demand Response (time scale?)
•Efficiencies
•Renewables
•Hi-Speed Controls
•Hi-Speed Devices
•Reconfiguration
•DC transmission
-TO SOMEPROBLEMS
Eastern Interconnection Frequency
8-14-03
Modern Grid Issues
Utility Concerns About The Impact Of High Penetration DG on MV Feeders
• Fluctuating real power output from renewable sources
-Increased switching operations for line regulators, tap changers, capacitors
-Flicker due to fluctuating voltage
-Transient voltage on sudden trip of DG station
• Effect of new generation and reversible power flow
-Protective relay settings and operation
-Conductor and equipment loading
-Islanding of DG with residual load connected
-Auto-reclosing feeder breaker onto energized DG
Generation Connectedthru Electronics can be Transformative -BUT different Paradigm
•Readily Controllable (remotely)
•Supply Real Power, P, Dynamically
•Reactive power, Q, (|P + jQ| < SINV), Dynamically
•Active Damping (stabilizing)
•Controllable or Synthetic Inertia
•Fault Clearing
•Rapid Dynamics
•Unbalanced
•Non-linear sourcing
•Active Filtering
•Harmonic cancellation
•Also, high speed series devices would Limit faults and enable robust interactive microgrids
A Future Grid Vision
01
•Faster Protection & Control
•More robust
•More renewable
•More efficient
•More DC systems
•More ElectronicsIN ALL LAYERS
•Higher PQ
•More mGrids
•Improved CF
•More distributed
•Reconfigurable
•Faster Recovery
PG_Plus_1MW_Angle_Medium_150dpi.jpg
Power Electronics are Grid Ready
Back to Back DC links with Mandatory Sub-secondArea Balance
One Game Changer
1.Cost (30+% drop in Utility scale solar PV in last 18 months)
-Panels
-Inverters, BOS
-O&M
2.Controllability
3.Intermittency (Variability/Capacity Factor/Capacity Value)
4.Utility Industry Acceptance/Adoption
-Scale
-Performance
-Standards
-Familiarity (interconnect studies, protection studies)
Barriers to High Penetration of Renewables
Increasing Penetration of Renewables -examples
Denmark•18% of Electrical Energy
•New Control Regs.
•European Grid
•CurtailmentNew Zealand
•80% + renewables
•Hydro, geothermal, windLanai
•20% PV in diesel grid
•no storage but heavily curtailed
•30% of peak with storage (coming)
•Ramp rates, curtailment, remote control, site controller, VARs, ride-thruStudies, NREL east and west, 10-30%, no storage, ramp CoalEU15, DisPower Study, 15-35%
Satcon Solstice Inverter Incorporates SEGIS Grid-Smart Control Features
SCADA
PV String 12
Sub-array
PV String 1
Weather Station, etc
DC Subcombiner
Solstice Inverter
LV Xfmr
Com
Board
DC-DC 1
GFI
Fuse
DC Subcom
Board
Ambient temp
External temp 1
String Disconnect
DC-DC 12
GFI
Fuse
MV
Xfmr
MV
Switch
Gear
"Integrated Solution"
HMI
POWER ELECTRONICS
Combiner
Grid
Remote Monitor
SITE CONTROLLER
Grid-Smart Control
Low Voltage Ride Through
•Extended LV Ride-through
-Ride-through more extensive voltage and frequency disturbances
-Standard DER installations shut down when they are most needed -during voltage and frequency fluctuations
•Shutting down generation such as DER inverters can make the disturbance worse
•But ridethroughviolates UL 1741 voltage and frequency limits, can violate anti-islanding rules
•Fast DER inverter response can provide better support than other grid resources (tap changers, switched capacitors, load shedding, etc.)
•European electricity associations such as BDEW, have already adopted extended ridethroughrequirements
-Grid voltages down to 0%, transients lasting up to 1.5 seconds
Illustration of Some Advanced Grid Support Control Features
INDUCTIVE
0.9 P.F.
POWERCURTAILED
1.0 P.F.
CAPACITIVE0.9 P.F.
1.0 P.F.
IRRADIANCE
FLUCTUATION
REAL
REACTIVE
Satcon Solstice Two-Stage Architecture Facilitates Connection of DC Energy Storage
cid:image002.png@01CAC1EA.D8F9FB90
Energy
Storage
Subcombiner
Box
PV
STRING
DC/DC
DC/DC
BI-DIRECTIONALDC/DC
PV
STRING
GRID-SMART INVERTER ALLOWS BI-DIRECTIONAL POWER FLOW
Constant Voltage
DC Collector Bus
PV SUB
ARRAY
.DC-connected energy storage can be controlled to reduce the variability of AC output power to the grid
PV SUBARRAY
Utility Control Center
SCADA RTU
SCADA RTU
MV FEEDER
MV FEEDER
Site Controller Provides Real And Reactive Power Management At the Point Of Common Coupling
PV GENERATION SITE NO. 1
PV GENERATION SITE NO. 2
Commands/Status
Commands/Status
Weapons against local effects of Intermittency•Maintain real power with storage
•Forecasting
•Measurement coupled with ramping and regulation (auto)
•Ramp rates (ramp rate control0 using storage
•Fast VARS
•Hybrid power plants
•Curtailment of renewable (or other)
Averaging
-in space
-in time
Works. Transmission connected renewables utilize this. But what of local effects? Voltage change due to sudden power change on distribution feeder
Intermittency (storage?)
2008_US_electricity_generation_by_source_v2.png
Real Power Output From PV Generating StationFluctuates Due To Passing Cloud Cover
Real power output = 0.8 p.u.
Reactive power output = 0 p.u.
Reactive power output = 0.5 p.u.
Reactive power output = -0.5 p.u.
AC voltage variation +/-5% approx.
PV Inverter Simulation Shows Fast VAR Step Response Capability And The Effect On Local Bus Voltage
.Feeder X = 0.1 p.u. on inverter base
Illustration Of Automatic Voltage Control On a Long13.8 kV, 10 MVA Feeder With 5 MVA PV Plant Connected
.No tap changers, line regulators, or capacitors
.Balanced feeder, balanced three-phase loads
.9 buses -7.5 MVA 0.95 p.f. constant power loads
.PV plant output, P = 4 MW
Flicker Assessed From Transient Simulation Data
24
.Short term flicker assessed from simulated voltage at Bus #7
.Post-processed through IEC Flickermeter
.Event repeated continuously for ten minutes
No Voltage Control
Pst= 3.6492
(>0.9 -unacceptable)
Fast Voltage Control
Pst= 0.3833
(< 0.9 -acceptable)
MW in a Box -Oct 2010 SolarPro
Utility Solutions
Larger Power Plants (20MW .150MW and .500MW distributed) -single plants, T & D-distributed, D-Perceived barriers at penetrations >15%-voltage regulation, protection coordination, cloud and load variability
-Circuit ratings
-Trip, transfer trip, islanding
-Utility Assets, efficient, available, long life
PG_Plus_1MW_Angle_Medium_150dpi.jpg
Example
•Fault studies limit DG penetration due to Recloseroverload in substation with shared MV bus.
•Verybig deal in some places today
•BUT,fault current is reactive as is traditional DG fault current.
•Inverterfault current?
•Muchlike inertia, what do you want it to be?
•Naturally the current is real, so orthogonal to fault current, but it could be capacitive if needed
Micro or Mini Grids -Stable Island & SDS Enable UPS-PQ
Utility Grid Connecnal-Tactical Micro Grid
•Renewables plus back-up generation plus storage plus SDS
•UPS quality power
Micro Grids
Need for Speed
Apparent & Approximate Envelope of the Undamped Oscillation, before System Reconfiguration (Islands) Led to a Damped Oscillation
Effective Breakup of the EI into Islands (largely due to operation of Zone 3 distance relays)
Eastern Interconnection Frequency
8-14-03
t0
Note:
Frequency of the Oscillation is about 1/3 Hz. This is the "Frequency of the Frequency"
Undamped Period
Damped Period
Summary
•Costs, Controllability and Intermittencyare the issues
•Inverters can solve some challenging problems, including the localeffects of intermittency
•In many cases (faults a good example) Inverters and other high speed devices are the solution not the problem
•These high speed grid devices can truly enable a Faster, Smarter, Controllable, Greener, DistributedGrid
•High speed devices? STS, SDS, FCL, Breakers, ...
•Inverters as StatComs
•Shock Absorbers (disturbance mitigation), distributed?
•More DC, infrastructure, transmission, ...
•Control, local-autonomous-high speed, slower regional/area, PMU for control (not forensics only)
Debate In The Green Communities: LEED Or Follow?
Nadav Malin
BuildingEnergy08
Deep Energy Retrofit
Brian Butler
BuildingEnergy10
Deep Energy Retrofit Pilot: Lessons Learned -- Technical Perspective
Ken Neuhauser
BuildingEnergy10
Deep Energy Retrofits: Case Studies, How Are We Doing?
John LIvermore, Alex Cheimets, Peter Yost
BuildingEnergy10
Defining Employment in the Clean Energy Sector
Kevin Doyle
BuildingEnergy09
Defining Employment in the Clean Energy Sector
Heidi Garrett-Peltier
BuildingEnergy09
Delaware DE--Wind Resource Map
USDOE / NREL
Maps
Densepack Applications: Retrofitting Vaults and Flat Roofs in Cold Climates
F.L. Andrew Padian
BuildingEnergy 11
F.L. Padian
Densepack applications:
retrofitting vaults and flat roofs
in cold climates
Episode 2
"unaware of the enigma machine,
Rommel drives deeper into Africa"
The problems so far...
•
Un-insulated roof cavities work because the heat loss dries them out
•
Insulated cavities fail because:
-
Membrane roofing on wooden deck is a nearly perfect vapor barrier on the outside of the assembly (asphalt shingles are near enough)
-
air leaks and stack effect indoor humidity carry water vapor through fiberglass and cellulose insulation to cold roof deck
Solutions
•
If it ain't broke don't fix it
•
Warm up the roof membrane and sheathing
•
Air seal the ceiling and densepack it (or vent it)
•
Lower the indoor humidity (at least in winter)
•
Depressurize the top floor so air leaks from cold to warm
•
the chief cause of problems is solutions- Eric Sevareid
If it ain't broke don't fix it
•
Do nothing -We can't afford to not to insulate and air seal it, but it's better than rotting roofs
•
fix the one in ten that fails
•
Use the banking system approach: -- L h h dih 'bdii
Loan them the money to do it the way we've been doing it,
-
Bundle loans in a portfolio so no one can tell which one will fail,
-
Sell the portfolio to someone else and make money,
-
Take bets that they will all fail,
-
Sell the bets for more money,
-
Blame the people whose roofs failed,
-
Elect a congress that won't change this system
-
repeat
Warm up the roof membrane and
sheathing
•
Make the existing roof and cavity edge into a real air barrier
•
Add four inches of foam board to the top of
th fti lti d f
•
Dense pack the cavity
the roof, vertical strapping and a new roof and dsheathing
Thanks to VEIC, NYSERDA, Marc Rosenbaum, Greg Pedrick
Air seal the sam hill out of it and dense
pack the cavity
•
If you can get a good air seal at the ceiling and edges of the cavity - go for it and be prepared to come back and fix some of them
•
Seal the ceilingg
- Interior wall tops, exterior wall tops, lights, wires, chimneys, pipes, ducts, shafts and party walls
•
Seal the edge of the cavities
-
From the outside or the inside?
-
Parapet walls
Lower the indoor humidity (at least in
winter)
•
How high should the humidity be in the coldest month?
- % RH < average coldest month outdoor air temperature plus 5, but not less than 25%
•
NO HUMIDIFERS!! (except in climates where coldest month average temperature is less than 20 degrees F, then you have to add the foam board to the roof)
•
Add, repair or modify fan powered ventilation
-
Kitchen range hood
-
Bath fans
-
Continuous low-switched high
•
Don't use dehumidifier in cold weather
•
Get rid of occupants!
Humidified Buildings Cold Climates
Safe humidification?
Depressurize the top floor
•
Make the top floor tight enough to depressurize
it using a small amount of exhaust ventilation
(e.g. 50cfm@5 pascals)
•
Install 50 -80 cfm of exhaust with no off switch
(NOTE: Fans should have a site switch; 20% of occupants will have the uncontrollable urge to figure out a way to turn the damn thing off, 3% will involve firearms)
• Leave note for owner to:
-
Clean fan every 5 years
-
Replace fan when it dies in 10 -20 years (Hey, if the fan lasts longer than the shingle warranty you won!)
Moisture problems weatherization fixes
Thanks to VEIC, NYSERDA, Marc Rosenbaum, Greg Pedrick, Blair Hamiltion
Design Tool Review - Energy Scheming 3.0
Greg Thompson
NE Sun Spring, 2006
Designing and Constructing with Durisol Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) Wall Forming System
Bruce Coldham, FAIA
BuildingEnergy10
Designing Livable Small Homes
Gordon Tully
Designing Sensible U.S.Renewable Energy Policy
Sonia Hamel
BuildingEnergy10
Designing, Achieving and Measuring Air Tightness in Large Buildings
Terry Brennan, Peter Larson
BuildingEnergy10
Distributed Biomass Gasification Combined Heat and Power (BGCHP) Generation
Shashank Nadgauda
BuildingEnergy 11
DISTRIBUTED BIOMASS GASIFICATION COMBINED
HEAT AND POWER (BGCHP) GENERATIONforest
Building Energy 11
Conference Organized by
Northeast Sustainable Energy
Association
Boston, MA
Presentation by
Shashank S. Nadgauda, Ph.D., P.E.
Renova Engineering P.C.
Staten Island, NY
(718) 981-3582
www.renovacorp.us.
March 11, 2011
2
NESEA is a registered provider with the American Institute of
Architects Continuing Education System. Credit earned on
completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA
members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members will be
mailed at the completion of the conference.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing
professional education. As such, it does not include content that
may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by
the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of
handling, using, distributing or dealing in any material or product.
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will
be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
aiab084276
3
Learning Objectives
•Biomass gasification (BG) process
•BG combined heat and power (BGCHP) plant systems
•Commercial suppliers of BG and CHP systems
•Biomass market overview
•BGCHP plant deployment issues
•BGCHP plant order-of-magnitude economics
•BGCHP generation potential in NY and NE ISO pools
versus actual reality
•Reasons for lack of BGCHP deployment in NY and NE
ISO pools
4
DISTRIBUTED BIOMASS GASIFIERS
•Biomass as defined by NREL
-Urban wood waste
-Mill residues
-Forest residues
-Agricultural residues
-Dedicated energy crops
•Biomass HHV (0 % moisture) -~ 8,000 Btu/Lb
•Distributed (small) gasifiers
-Use air to produce low Btu gas with a heating value of 140 -
160 Btu/SCF
-Rated at < 50 million Btu/Hr (< 16 MW thermal) of product
gas output or < 5,000 KW electric generation
BIOMASS GASIFICATION (BG) PROCESS
•BG is a four step chemical reaction process and not a combustion
process
•Oxidation -
-C + O2= CO2+ Heat
-2H2+ O2= 2H2O + Heat
•Reduction -
-CO2+ C + Heat = 2CO
-H2O + C + Heat = H2+ CO
•Distillation (Pyrolysis) -
-Volatile Matter + Cellulose + Heat = Tars + Hydrocarbons
•Feedstock drying
6Typical Wood Gas Composition
Component
% Volume
Methane (CH4)
1.5 -2.5
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
18 -24
Hydrogen (H2)
14 -17
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
10 -11
Nitrogen (N2)
45 -52
BGCHP PLANT SYSTEMS
Air
Product Gas
Cleanup
Prime Mover
Ash/Residue
Balance-of-Plant Systems
Gasifier
Biomass
Electricity
Useful
Heat
8
GASIFIER OPTIONS -UPDRAFT
•Preferred feedstock -
-¾ -2" Size
-30 -40% Moisture
•80 -90% Btu conversion
efficiency
•High tar content in product gas
•Suitable when product gas is
used as fuel in boilers to
generate heat or CHP using
steam turbines
9
GASIFIER OPTIONS -DOWNDRAFT
•Preferred feedstock -
-1/2 -6" Size
-20% Moisture (Max)
•70 -80% Btu conversion
efficiency
•Low tar content in product gas
•Suitable when product gas is
used for CHP generation using
an engine/generator (E/G)
PRIME MOVER OPTIONS
•Steam turbine generators
•Compression ignited E/G -Requires 10 -30%
supplemental diesel fuel input
•Spark-ignited E/G -Requires 5 -30% engine derating
•Future potential options
-Microturbine
-Solid oxide or molten carbonate fuel cell
-Sterling engine
SOME COMMERCIAL BG TECHNOLOGY SUPPLIERS
•Downdraft BG systems using woodchips sized biomass -
•Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore
(cgpl.iisc.ernet.in)
•Ankur Scientific Energy Technologies, Baroda,
India (www.ankurscientific.com)
•Carbo Consult & Engineering, Johannesburg,
South Africa (www.carboconsult.com)
•Agitated bed BG systems using sawdust sized biomass -
•Primenergy, Tulsa, OK (www.primenergy.com)
•Downdraft BG systems using woodchips sized biomass -
•Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore
(cgpl.iisc.ernet.in)
•Ankur Scientific Energy Technologies, Baroda,
India (www.ankurscientific.com)
•Carbo Consult & Engineering, Johannesburg,
South Africa (www.carboconsult.com)
•Agitated bed BG systems using sawdust sized biomass -
•Primenergy, Tulsa, OK (www.primenergy.com)
•Downdraft BG systems using woodchips sized biomass -
•Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore
(cgpl.iisc.ernet.in)
•Ankur Scientific Energy Technologies, Baroda,
India (www.ankurscientific.com)
•Carbo Consult & Engineering, Johannesburg,
South Africa (www.carboconsult.com)
•Agitated bed BG systems using sawdust sized biomass -
•Primenergy, Tulsa, OK (www.primenergy.com)
12SOME COMMERCIAL WOODGAS CHP TECHNOLOGY
SUPPLIERS
•Spark Ignited CHP Systems
-Guascor, Vitora, Spain (www.guascor-usa.com) up to
500 KW (electric)
-GE Jenbacher (www.gejenbacher.com) up to 5,000
KW (electric)
•Spark or Compression Ignited CHP Systems
-Schmitt Enertec, Mayen, Germany (www.schmitt-
enertec.com ) up to 200 -1,000 KW (electric)
13
SOME COMMERCIAL TURNKEY BGCHP SUPPLIERS
•Updraft BG system using woodchips sized biomass -
-w/a Steam T/G -Chiptec, Burlington, VT
(www.chiptec.com)
-w/a Steam T/G or an E/G -Nexterra, Vancouver,
Canada (www.nexterra.ca)
•Downdraft BG system using woodchips sized biomass -
-w/a Spark or Compression Ignited CHP Systems -
Schmitt Enertec, Mayen, Germany (www.schmitt-
enertec.com ) up to 200 -300 KW (electric)
14BIOMASS MARKET OVERVIEW
•Majority of over 3,000 sawmills in U.S. are small family owned
businesses
•Sawmill industry's fortune closely tied to housing construction,
furniture manufacturing and furniture imports
•Industry sells its waste biomass on an ad-hoc basis to known
buyers for resale/reuse in wood pellet manufacturing and
gardening applications
•Transportation costs can be a hurdle in widespread use
biomass
•Currently there is no structured market place for buying and
selling waste biomass
15
Some On-line Biomass Exchanges
•North American Biomass Exchange
NABiomassExchange.com
•Minnesota Biomass Exchange Mnbiomassexchange.org
•Minneapolis Biomass ExchangeMbioex.com
•UP Woody Biomass Exchange
UPwoodybiomassexchange
•Biomass Commodity Exchange BCEX
16BGCHP PLANT DEPLOYMENT ISSUES
•Host site constraints
•Environmental regulations
•KW (electric) to KW (thermal) ratio
•Delivered feedstock quality and cost
•Avoided electric and thermal energy costs
•Income from excess energy sales
•Income from renewable energy credit sales
•Production tax credits
•State grants/support
•Potential production benefits for Host
17POTENTIAL BGCHP DEPLOYMENT SITES
•Greenhouses -captive power + grid sales + heat and
CO2for greenhouses
•Sawmills -captive power + grid sales + heat for dry kilns
•Industrial/institutional/commercial facilities -
-On-site power + heat for existing thermal plant
-Captive power + grid sales + heat
-Co-firing with natural gas-fired CHP plants to reduce
costs and gain fuel supply flexibility
•Utility steam electric power plants -incremental "green
power output" and hot make-up water to reduce CO2
emissions
18BGCHP PLANT -ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
PERFORMANCE
•Nominal rating
-550 KWe (gross) and 500 KWe (net)
-780 KWt (2.7 MM Btu/hr) as 190 F hot water or 15 PSIG steam
•Required plant space -Approx.10,000 Sq. Ft.
•Annual output
-4.0 MM KWh
-21,600 MM Btu (= 150,000 Gals of diesel saved)
-100 Tons of ash
•Annual Biomass input
-5,000 Tons (0% moisture)
-300 Truck deliveries
19BGCHP PLANT -ORDER OF MAGNITUDE ECONOMICS
$/Unit
$/YR
Electricity Sold/Saved -4 MM KWh
$ 0.10/KWh
$ 400,000
Fuel Saved-150,000 Gals of diesel
$ 2/Gal
$ 300,000
Federal Production Tax Credit -4 MM KWh
Not Available
$ 0
Renewable Energy Credits Sale -3 MM KWh
(= grid sales)
$ 0.03/KWh
$ 90,000
Delivered biomass -5,000 Tons (0% moisture)
$ 40/Ton (= $
2.5/MM Btu)
$
(200,000)
Gross Operating Margin
$ 590,000
Simple Payback (depending on type of biomass
and its moisture content)
4 -6 yrs
20ELECTRICGENERATION POTENTIAL AND REALITY
IN NE AND NY ISO POOLS
•Annual resource availability estimated by NREL
-Approximately 8 million dry tons at delivered price of
$ 0 -40/dry ton
-Equivalent to 16 million green tons at $ 0 -20/ton
assuming 50% moisture
-Equivalent to $ 0 -2.5 $/MM Btu assuming 16,000
Btu/dry ton
•Annual generation potential: Approximately 2 -6 million
MWH assuming 33 -100% resource utilization
•Actual generation: ~ 2,000 MWH in 2003 per EIA
21
ELECTRICGENERATION POTENTIAL AND REALITY
IN NE AND NY ISO POOLS
•Annual resource availability estimated by NREL
-Approximately 8 million dry tons at delivered price of
$ 0 -40/dry ton
-Equivalent to 16 million green tons at $ 0 -20/ton
assuming 50% moisture
-Equivalent to $ 0 -2.5 $/MM Btu assuming 16,000
Btu/dry ton
•Annual generation potential: Approximately 2 -6 million
MWH assuming 33 -100% resource utilization
•Actual generation: ~ 2,000 MWH in 2003 per EIA
22REASONS FOR LACK OF BIOMASS-BASED
GENERATION
•Unfriendly federal policies on production tax credit (PTC), for
example, they
-Favor biomass grown for energy generation ("closed-loop
biomass) over other waste biomass ("open-loop biomass")
-Set PTC for open-loop biomass at 1 Cent/KWh compared to 2.1
Cents/KWh for closed-loop biomass, solar, wind and geothermal
power
-Set 5 year PTC expiration date for open-loop versus 10 years for
closed-loop biomass, solar, wind and geothermal power
-Terminated PTC for open-loop biomass on December 31, 2009
•Need for NOx control in non-attainment areas
•Subsidized power sold to potential CHP sites, e.g. by NYPA in NYC
23REASONS FOR LACK OF BIOMASS-BASED
GENERATION
•Unfriendly federal policies on production tax credit (PTC), for
example, they
-Favor biomass grown for energy generation ("closed-loop
biomass) over other waste biomass ("open-loop biomass")
-Set PTCfor open-loop biomass at 1 Cent/KWh compared to 2.1
Cents/KWh for closed-loop biomass, solar, wind and geothermal
power
-Set 5 year PTCexpiration date for open-loop versus 10 years for
closed-loop biomass, solar, wind and geothermal power
-Terminated PTCfor open-loop biomass on December 31, 2009
•Need for NOxcontrol in non-attainment areas
•Subsidized power sold to potential CHP sites, e.g. by NYPAin NYC
24OTHER REASONS FOR LACK OF BIOMASS-BASED
GENERATION
•Low prices of electricity and heat of last few years
•Competing demand for biomass use -home heating and other
industries, for example, wood pellet, pulp & paper, and particle
board
•Risk averse nature of small facilities/businesses
•"Big project/quick return" desire of large facilities/businesses
•"Deciders" not familiar with/aware of technology options
•Preference for PV, fuel cell and wind by state agencies
•Lack of support by state agencies, e.g. MA definition of "biomass as
a renewable energy source"
•Inequality of state incentives -base load generation using biomass
versus intermittent generation using PV and wind
•Improper management/follow-up of state funded projects
•Any other reasons ??????
Thank you for your time!
Any Questions?
This concludes The American Instituteof Architects Continuing
Education Systems Program
Renova Engineering P.C.
www.renovacorp.us
Shashank S. Nadgauda, Ph.D., P.E.
Sash@renovacorp.us
Does Solar Really Work in Vermont?
Meghan Houlihan
NE Sun Winter, 2002-2003
Doing More With Less: The WaterSense Label for New Homes
Lynn Gilleland
BuildingEnergy 11
US EPA and TOTO USA are registered providers with The American Institute Of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of hi illb d CESR df AIA
this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members available on request."
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA or InfoSpec, Inc. of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling,
using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions
related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at
the conclusion of this presentation.
Upon completion of this course the architect/designer will be able to:
•
Explain the relationship between saving water and saving energy.
•
List the water efficiency requirements for residential toilets, faucets and showers as well as those in the WaterSense specifications for each.
•
Explain the benefits of the WaterSense New Homes program for builders and for homeowners.
•
Describe what "sustainable" plumbing might mean in the future.
•
Voluntary partnership and labeling program launched by
U.S. EPA in 2006 .• Simple way for consumers to
Simple way for consumers to identify products, new homes, and services that use less water and perform well
•
Promotes simple behavior changes
•
Strength in Partnerships
•
Manufacturers design and create products to meet specs
•
Certification bodies test and label products
•• Retailers/Distributors get products on shelves
Retailers/Distributors get products on shelves
•
Builders construct water-efficient homes using products
•
Certification providers inspect and label homes
•
Irrigation partners help homeowners water more efficiently
• Promotional partners spread the word
- Water utilities, state and local governments, nonprofit organizations, and home builder associations
•
A label with integrity
• Third-party testing and certification
•
Backed by the credibility of EPA .• Smart use of resources
Smart use of resources
•
EPA provides national specifications and outreach for water efficiency
•
Manufacturers support product research, testing, and branding costs
•
Licensed certifying bodies certify the products and police the label's use
•
Licensed certification providers certify new homes
•
Tank-Type Toilets
•
More than 400 labeled models
•
Faucets/Faucet Accessories
•
More than 1,400 labeled models
•
Urinals
•
Final specification released in October 2009
•
Professional Certification Programs
•
Irrigation designers, auditors, and installation/maintenance professionals who pass the certification can become partners
•
Single-Family New Homes
•
WaterSense labeled new homes are designed to use 20% less water than traditional homes, both indoors and out
The WaterSense Program Marks
Promotional Label
•
Used by partners to promote "ask about" or "look for" or "we sell" WaterSense labeled products
•
Can be used by licensed certification providers and builders to promote services-not labeled homes
Program Logo
•
Used by EPA, media, and promotional partners for general promotion
•
Other partners may not use this mark
Partner Logo
•
Used by partners to signify commitment to the program
•
Used on materials not associated directly with a product or home
•
Licensed certification providers/builders can use to promote their participation.
Product Label
•
Used by manufacturer partners on products, packaging, and at stores, only with certified products
•
Used by certification programs that meet WaterSense criteria
•
Will be placed on new home certificate once home is certified
•
Builders who join WaterSense will have a special mark to promote to consumers the fact that they build water-efficient homes
•
Builder promotional label can be used on:
•
Web sites
•
Marketing materials
•
Model homes
•
This mark is not used to indicate a home has received the label
• Approx. 70% of water used indoors, 30% outdoors
• Outdoor use is higher in • Outdoor use is higher in Southwest and other regions
• Toilets, faucets, showers, clothes washers, and leaks are biggest indoor users
•
Voluntary program that promotes water-efficient single-family new homes
•
WaterSense labeled new homes will:
homes will:
•
Reduce water use in single-family new homes by 20%
•
Educate homeowners about continuing water-efficient behaviors
•
Encourage community infrastructure savings
First WaterSense labeled new home in Chapel Hill, NC
Builder partners with EPA and commits to labeling
Home inspected for criteria and any issues addressed
Home inspected for criteria and any issues addressed
Label certificate issued by licensed certification provider
• Required items:
-
Water service pressure maximum 60 psi
-
Leak prevention measures
-
WaterSense labeled plumbing fixtures -- Other water-efficient plumbing fixtures
Other water-efficient plumbing fixtures
-
Efficient hot water distribution system
• Optional items must meet efficiency criteria, if installed:
-
ENERGY STAR qualified dishwasher or clothes washer (if appliances installed)
-
Evaporative air conditioners
-
Water softeners
-
Drinking water treatment systems
Front yard + improved-upon areas
•
Landscape
•
Water budget or 40% turfgrass allocation
•
Vegetated slopes p
g
•
Mulching requirements
•
Other water features (if installed)
•
Pools/spas
•
Ornamental water features Healthy, beautiful landscapes that allow the
•
Irrigation system (if installed)
homeowner to save water
•
Design
•
Audit
•
Scheduling
•
Once the home has been inspected and certified to meet EPA's specification:
•
Inspector signs certificate
••Li d ifi i id
Licensed certification provider
signs certificate
•
Builder receives certificate
-
Gives to homeowner
-
Provides homeowner educational manual
-
Other documents as needed, i.e., irrigation system schedules
•
WaterSense new home specification works with other green building programs' rating systems, such as ENERGY STAR
•
By meeting the g WaterSense new home specification,
y sp
homes automatically earn points for
-
LEED for Homes
-
National Green Building Standard
• One-stop inspection
• Designed to make inspection for multiple certifications faster, easier, and cost-effective
Service pressure
•
Requirement:
•
Static pressure shall be 60 pounds per square inch (psi) or
less.
•
Inspection:
p
•
For homes supplied by groundwater wells verify that a
pressure tank is installed and set to 60 psi.
•
For homes with publicly supplied water, verify the static pressure of the home using one of the following methods: www.ci.austin.tx.us/waterco
n/prvfaq.htm
- Document whether the home has a pressure-regulating
valve downstream of the point of connection.
OR
-
Check the static pressure using a pressure gauge AND
-
Gather written documentation from builder that the pressure supplied by the jurisdiction is 60 psi or less.
•
Is time to re-think about where we put a hot water heater..............
•
Distance from the water heater and volume of water that needs to be discharged are the primary factors.
Hot water delivery system
•
Requirement:
•
The hot water distribution system shall store no more than 0.5 gallons of water in any piping/manifold between the hot water source and any hot water
y fixture.
•
No more than 0.6 gallons of water shall be collected from the hot water fixture before hot water is delivered (accounts for additional water that must be removed from the system before hot water can be delivered).
•
Timer-and temperature-based recirculating systems do not meet this requirement.
Ounces of Water Per Foot Length of Hot Water Tubing
Nominal Size (Inches) Copper M Copper L Copper K CPVC CTS SDR 11 CPVC SCH 40 PEX-Al-PEX ASTM F 1281 PE-ALPE PEX CTS SDR 9
. 1.06 0.97 0.84 N/A 1.17 0.63 0.63 0.64
½ 1.69 1.55 1.45 1.25 1.89 1.31 1.31 1.18
¾ 3.43 3.22 2.90 2.67 3.38 3.39 3.39 2.35
1 5.81 5.49 5.17 4.43 5.53 5.56 5.56 3.91
1 ¼ 8.70 8.36 8.09 6.61 9.66 8.49 8.49 5.81
1 ½ 12.18 11.83 11.45 9.22 13.20 13.88 13.88 8.09
2 21.08 20.58 20.04 15.79 21.88 21.48 21.48 13.86
Trunk & Branch System Copper L piping:
•
1" = 5.53 ounces/ft
ounces/ft
•
¾" = 3.22 ounces/ft
•
½" = 1.55 ounces/ft
Core System
Copper L piping:
• ½" = 1.55 ounces/ft
ounces/ft
41.29 ft max run
PEX piping:
• 3/8" = .63 ounces/ft
101.59 ft max run
Whole House Manifold System
PEX piping:
•
1" = 5.56 ounces/ft
ounces/ft
•
½"= 1.31 ounces/ft
32.63 ft max run
Demand-Initiated Hot Water
• The "source" is
Recirculating System
•
New Home Specification will be revised in 2011 to include WaterSense labeled showerheads
•
Showerhead Requirements:
•
Showerheads must have a maximum flow rate of 2.5 gpm.
•
In cases with more than one showerhead, the entire device must meet the maximum flow requirement in all possible operating modes.
•
Shower Size Requirements:
•
The total allowable flow rate of water flowing at any given time
from all showerheads must be limited to 2.5 gpm per shower
compartment with a floor area less than 2,160 square inches
(in2).
EPA provides builders with two options for complying with landscape requirements:
•
Option 1: Regionally-based allocations determined using EPA's water budget tool.
•
Option 2: Maximum turf allocation determined using a set percentage (40%) of the landscaped area.
•
Lots with total landscapable areas = 1,000 square feet (ft2) are exempt from this landscape criterion.
•
The landscape design criteria are minimum requirements, and are not intended to override local
q s,
codes or regulation
•
Temporary landscapes (e.g., straw mulch)
•
Allowed but WaterSense certificate label is withheld until permanent landscape meeting specification criteria is installed, inspected & certified.
•
Indoor criteria can be inspected and home can be occupied prior to installation of permanent landscape.
•
Landscaped area is defined as the designed area of landscape excluding the footprint of the home and permanent hardscape areas such as driveways, sidewalks, and patios.
•
Includes any area improved upon by the builder such as:
•
Landscaping
•
Turf or sod
•
Water features or pools
•
Excluded from landscapable area:
•
Septic drainage fields
•
public right-of-ways
Other landscape requirements:
•
Slopes in excess of 4:1 (25%, 14o) shall be vegetated.
•
All exposed soil shall include a 2-to 3-inch layer of mulching material.
material.
•
Inspection:
•
Use a laser level or clinometer to determine areas where the slope exceeds 25% or 14o.
- Verify that these slopes are planted.
•
Verify that the landscape does not have any bare soil.
•
IF irrigation systems are installed, they must:
•
Be designed or installed by a WaterSense irrigation partner.
•
Be audited by a WaterSense irrigation partner.
•
Shall be designed to sustain the landscape without creating p g
g
runoff or direct overspray of the property
•
Achieve a minimum 65% distribution uniformity
•
Be equipped with technology that inhibits or interrupts operation during periods rainfall or sufficient moisture
Pools/spas
•
Requirement:
•
All pools and spa must have a cover. .• Inspection:
Inspection:
www.automaticre.com/images/photos/2%20S
• Verify the pool has a cover.
pur%20-%20Backyard%20Pool%20%20June%2007.jpg
Ornamental Water features
•
Requirements:
•
If ornamental water features are installed, they
must recirculate water and serve a beneficial
use
•
Inspection:
•
Water features include fountains, ponds,
waterfalls, man-made streams, or other
www.make-my-own
decorative water-related constructions.
house.com/images/blackgreenfall.jpg
•
Verify through documentation from the builder
that the water feature recirculates water and
has a beneficial use. (e.g., habitat for wildlife,
stormwater management, cooling properties).
•
National specifications for water-efficient products and services
•
New opportunity for distinction in the market .• Growing demand for services (easy add-on)
Growing demand for services (easy add on)
•
Recognition from EPA as a water-efficiency leader
•
Membership in a network of water-efficiency leaders
•
Learn new strategies
•
Collaborate with other types of partners
•
Program flexibility
•
Program designed to fit easily with other green building programs while allowing add-ons and choices for homeowners
•• Outdoor component offers two options to
Outdoor component offers two options to meet the specification
•
Consumer satisfaction
•
WaterSense labeled products and other features ensure high-performance products that save water and energy
•
Right thing to do
•
WaterSense helps demonstrate a commitment to water efficiency in your community
•
Builder marketing tool kit
•
Press release templates
•
Web site language
•• Artwork templates
Artwork templates
•
Use of partner logo
•
Use of builder promotional label
•
Online materials
•
Text and ideas for builder Web sites
•
Programmed "widget" updated regularly with water-efficiency tips from WaterSense
•
Convenience, efficiency, and confidence
•
Hot water will be delivered to users faster and use less energy
•
Landscaping will be healthy and sustainable, using g y , g
p
less water
•
WaterSense labeled products have been tested and certified for efficiency and performance
•
Homeowners can feel good about themselves every time they turn the key, and pay their utility bills
•
WaterSense Information
•
Web site: www.epa.gov/watersense
-
Partnership information
-
new homes specification,
new homes specification,
-
certification system, or
•
For any questions:
•
E-mail: watersense@epa.gov
•
Toll-free Helpline: (866) WTR-SENS
•
EPA New England contact:
Any questions? How to learn more
gilleland.lynn@epa.gov
Efficient Homes with Minimal HVAC
Robb Aldrich
BuildingEnergy 11
NESEA BE2011
Efficient HomeswithMinimal HVAC
NESEA Building Energy Conference
March 2011
Robb Aldrich
Steven Winter Associates, Inc.
raldrich@swinter.com
© Steven Winter Associates, Inc.
swalogo_LARGE
NESEA BE2011
AIA/CES
NESEA is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not included content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
NESEA BE2011
Learning Objectives
•Appreciate some of the HVAC challenges and opportunities with very low-load homes.
•Learn how simple HVAC systems can save money up-front while providing comfort and efficiency.
•See examples of how to -and how notto -incorporate very simple heating, cooling, and ventilation systems in efficient homes.
NESEA BE2011
Project 1: RDI -ColrainMA
DSCF1181_0
NESEA BE2011
RDI -ColrainHome Spec's
•Double walls (R-40+)
•Triple-pane windows
•R-50 attic insulation
•R-20 slab insulation
•Air tight
Bill-hos_0
DSCF1294_0
NESEA BE2011
Very Small Heating Load
Design Heating Load: <12,000 Btu/hr
<10 Btu/ft2h, Design temp: 2F
Condensing Boiler:16,000 -46,000 Btu/h
Munchkin
Typical Boiler:
100,000 -150,000 Btu/h
GV_sm
Condensing Furnace:
37,700 -58,000 Btu/h
NESEA BE2011
Combi-System, Radiant Floor
solarT_schem
NESEA BE2011
Project 2: Wisdom Way Solar Village
Design criterion: MUST save $$ on HVAC!
DSCF4396_0.tmp
NESEA BE2011
Room Heaters
Unit Heater Specifications:
Lo: 10,200 Btu/hr
Hi: 16,000 Btu/hr
83% AFUE
Sealed Combustion
Design Loads 9,500 -13,000 Btu/h
(design temp 2F)
RDI_2008_0
NESEA BE2011
Heating System -First Floor
lot10_m1_0
NESEA BE2011
Heating System -Second Floor
lot10_m2_0
NESEA BE2011
Exhaust-Only Ventilation
S80U_Pic_0
Exhaust Ventilation-Continuous
-Upstairs Bathroom
-40-60 CFM (varies with unit)
-6-10 Watts
-Boosts to high-speed (80 CFM) for showers, etc.
NESEA BE2011
Tracer Gas Testing
Doors Open
Doors Closed
(Fan OFF)
NESEA BE2011
Tracer Gas Testing
Doors Open
Doors Closed
(Fan OFF)
NESEA BE2011
Tracer Gas Testing
Doors Open
Doors Closed
(Fan OFF)
Doors Closed(Fan ON)
NESEA BE2011
Thermal Comfort Rec's
•Comfort is personal.
•Recommend against day-time thermostat set back (upstairs recovery)
•Keep bedroom doors open when not occupied.
•Possible use of small, inexpensive electric heaters.
•Learn what works best for you.
NESEA BE2011
Testing & Modeling
NESEA BE2011
Modeling & Internal Gains
NESEA BE2011
Modeling & Internal Gains
NESEA BE2011
Modeling & Internal Gains
NESEA BE2011
Winter Monitoring (B)
•NO set-back used
•Bedrooms slightly cooler, but that's desirable
NESEA BE2011
Winter Monitoring (D)
•Set-back used
•Bedrooms definitely cooler
•Not a big deal
•Largest home, most complex plan
•Aggressive set-back & set-up
•Oversized heater
NESEA BE2011
Heating Cost
NESEA BE2011
Project 3: Katywil-Colrain, MA
•Similar construction (Austin Design)
•Design Loads: ~22,000 Btu/h
~10 Btu/ft2hr
Home 1: Mini-split heat pump
Home 2: Radiant floors (solar & elec)
NESEA BE2011
Mini-Split Heat Pumps
NESEA BE2011
int_lower_floor[1].jpg
int_upper_floor[1].jpg
Lower Floor
Upper Floor
Floor Plan (Austin Design, Inc.)
NESEA BE2011
Winter Monitoring
•Upstairs at 63F nearly always (sun and wood heated further)
•Office heated to 68-70F when used
NESEA BE2011
int_lower_floor[1].jpg
int_upper_floor[1].jpg
Lower Floor
Upper Floor
Ventilation -ERV
NESEA BE2011
Owner Feedback
•Fan coils are ugly and noisy
•Mini-split control limitations
•ERV noisy -turned off most nights
•Uncomfortably cool in hall with ERV supply
•Regrets not getting radiant floor system
•Heating elec: 1901 kWh, $323 (2010)
NESEA BE2011
Closing Thoughts
•Simple, non-distributed HVAC CAN work in efficient homes
•Small and/or open floor plans
•Thoughtful incorporation of ventilation (even tempered air from ERV/HRV's)
•Small mixing fans can help equalize thermal & fresh air.
•Can be key in making low-energy homes cost-effective.
•Simpler is better....
NESEA BE2011
Thank You! Questions...?
Robb Aldrich
Steven Winter Associates, Inc.
50 Washington St.
Norwalk, CT 06854
203-803-5097
raldrich@swinter.com
U.S. Department of Energy
Building America Program:
www.buildingamerica.gov
BldgAmLogo-45%-CMYK-SM_2_27_04
© Steven Winter Associates, Inc.
swalogo_LARGE
Eleven Easy Things You can Do to Save Energy and Money at Home
Warren Leon. Suggestions for conserving energy
NE Sun Fall, 2001
Embodied Carbon: The Inventory of Carbon & Energy
Geoff Hammond, Craig Jones
BuildingEnergy10
Emerging Trends in Renewable Energy: Energy Storage
Harvey Wilkinson
BuildingEnergy10
Energy and National Security
A round-table discussion moderated by Michael Tennis and featuring Cutler Cleveland, Ross Gelbspan, Joel Gordes, Paul Horowitz, and Fred Unger
NE Sun Winter 2001-2002
Energy Efficiency Makes Massachusetts Man a Suspect
Michael Deehan
NE Sun Fall, 2006
Energy Modeling For High Performance Design
Matthew Herman
Energy Security & Disaster Preparedness, Mitigationn & Relief
Joel Gordes
NE Sun Spring, 2006
Energy Service Retrofits In Commerical/Industrial: Saving Money and Allocating Precious Roof Space
Jerry Drummond
BuildingEnergy10
Energy Servie Retrofits
John Carter
BuildingEnergy10
Energy Storage: "The Holy Grail"
Jim Dunn
BuildingEnergy10
Energy Sustainability And The Green Campus
Walter Simpson
BuildingEnergy08
Energy Use Data: Tracking Residential Energy Performance
Nick Taylor
BuildingEnergy 11
Tracking Residential Energy Performance
Energy Use Data
BUILDINGENERGY11
Boston, MA
March 10, 2011
Nick Taylor
University of Florida
http://www.berridge.com/AIA-CES_Logo-dropshadow.gif
NESEA is a registered provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education System. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members will be mailed at the completion of the conference
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
Context
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/images/hobet/hobet_19840917_lrg.jpg
1984 -Boone County, West Virginia
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/images/hobet/hobet_20090602_lrg.jpg
2009 -Boone County, West Virginia
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov
http://fc02.deviantart.net/fs71/i/2011/019/d/a/coal_train_in_the_alabama_mist_by_easygrip-d37kpos.jpg
2007_2_20 Gainesville-GRU 003
~2009 Gainesville Regional Utilities
Gainesville, Florida
2007_2_20 Gainesville-GRU 003
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/7/9520329_6e0a2b6aa9.jpg
=
How do we create appropriate comparisons?
iStock_000005257052Medium_NoPV+BW.jpg
Source: www.istockphoto.com
iStock_000005257052Medium_NoPV+BW.jpg
Source: www.istockphoto.com
Cobblefield
GRU Average
Cedar Grove
iStock_000005257052Medium_NoPV+BW.jpg
Source: www.istockphoto.com
Cobblefield29,221 kWh/yr
GRU Average
21,347 kwh/yr
Cedar Grove
19,306 kwh/yr
iStock_000005257052Medium_NoPV+BW.jpg
Source: www.istockphoto.com
Cobblefield10,422 kWh/sf/yr
GRU Average
12,452 kwh/sf/yr
Cedar Grove
13,384 kwh/sf/yr
ai logo horizontal bw
USGBC_Logo
water_star_logo_01
http://www.floridagreenbuilding.org/images/FGBC1.jpg
http://www.thedailygreen.com/cm/thedailygreen/images/hl/nabh-green-homes-logo-lg.jpg
http://carb-swa.com/images/BuildingAmerica_C_original.jpg
http://www.labtestcert.com/images/energy_star_logo.jpg
iStock_000005257052Medium_NoPV+BW.jpg
Source: www.istockphoto.com
Cobblefield29,221 kWh/yr
10,422 kWh/sf/yr
GRU Average
21,347 kwh/yr
12,452 kwh/sf/yr
Cedar Grove
19,306 kwh/yr
13,384 kwh/sf/yr
http://www.labtestcert.com/images/energy_star_logo.jpg
http://www.labtestcert.com/images/energy_star_logo.jpg
Community Baselines
•Census Level Data
•Use ubiquitous data sources
oMonthly Consumption Data
oProperty Appraisal Data
oProgram Participant Data
•Rigorous Comparison Techniques
oAnnual Community Baselines©
•Static and Dynamic Measures
oMonthly Community Baselines
•Testing Phase
Static ACB
Evaluation of HERS Rated, single-family, detached homes in the Gainesville Regional Utilities service territory.
Multivariate Regression is used to set a performance baseline for homes of a given size, vintage, and geographic area. Homes are compared against the baseline each year as a static measure of performance.
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
n
65
91
172
256
329
403
53
360
409
407
Savings
4,731
3,510
3,145
1,669
1,461
1,363
1,756
-34
-53
296
$ Saved
$396
$270
$260
$143
$135
$141
$188
-$4
-$7
$38
-$50
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
$350
$400
$450
-500
500
1,500
2,500
3,500
4,500
5,500
USD Savings
ekWhSavings
HERS-Rated Homes Performance Evaluation
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Upper 95%
6,661
5,187
4,368
2,652
2,328
2,125
3,808
608
651
1,085
Savings
4,731
3,510
3,145
1,669
1,461
1,363
1,756
-34
-53
296
Lower 95%
2,801
1,833
1,921
687
594
601
-296
-676
-756
-493
-1,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
ekWhSavings
HERS-Rated Homes Performance Evaluation
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Builder 1
-1500
-682
422
-323
-727
-1258
-1286
n(B1)
73
117
173
26
170
186
188
Builder 2
4524
3503
3006
5873
1163
2034
3293
n(B2)
65
74
79
3
70
75
73
Builder 3
1163
3317
2492
8715
-2031
598
706
n(B3)
22
25
27
3
16
31
27
Builder 4
6295
4472
3493
494
-153
2655
2178
n(B4)
3
9
16
9
19
13
16
-3,000
-1,500
0
1,500
3,000
4,500
6,000
7,500
9,000
ekWhSavings
HERS-Rated Homes Performance Evaluation
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Upper 95%
-3404
-2237
-784
-2776
-1648
-2393
-2535
Mean
-1500
-682
422
-323
-727
-1258
-1286
Lower 95%
404
874
1629
2130
193
-122
-38
-4,000
-2,000
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
ekWhSavings
HERS-Rated Homes Performance Evaluation
Builder #1
Cobblefield
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Lower 95%
6541
5459
4792
13094
2597
3822
5297
Mean
4524
3503
3006
5873
1163
2034
3293
Upper 95%
2506
1548
1221
-1348
-272
246
1290
-4,000
-2,000
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
ekWhSavings
HERS-Rated Homes Performance Evaluation
Builder #2
Cedar Grove
Dynamic ACB
Evaluation of demand side management rebate programs for single-family, detached homes in the Gainesville Regional Utilities service territory.
Multivariate Regression is used to set a performance baseline for homes of a given size, vintage, and geographic area. Homes are compared against the baseline each year. Change in performance relative to the baseline in years before and after implementation is interpreted as program impact.
Energy Consumption Analysis
Potential Error
Increasing Data & Analysis Sophistication
Actual Savings
Time Series
Time Series Weather Normalized
Comparison Group
Time Series w/Comparison Group
Community Baseline
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
Simple Bill Comparison
Simple Bill Comparison with NAC
Utility Baseline
Current GRU Estimates
Community Baseline
Estimated Annual Energy Savings (ekWh)
Estimates of DSM Savings Using Various Analysis Techniques
Central A/C
Duct Sealing
Refrigerator BuyBack
Duct Sealing
Participants
Rebate $ / participant
kWh Saved / participant kWh Saved / rebate $
Total MWhSaved
GRU Estimates based on recent engineering analysis
130
$375
1,349 kWh
$3.60
175.4
PREC Community Baseline Approach
130
$375
1,060 kWh
$2.83
137.9
Refrigerator Buyback
Participants
Rebate $ / participant
kWh Saved / participant
kWh Saved / rebate $
Total MWhSaved
GRU Estimates based on recent engineering analysis
319
$75
1,159 kWh
$15.45
369.7
PREC Community Baseline Approach
319
$75
793 kWh
$10.58
253.0
Central A/C Replacement
Participants
Rebate $ / participant
kWh Saved / participant
kWh Saved / rebate $
Total MWhSaved
GRU Estimates based on recent engineering analysis
179
$550
2,394 kWh
$4.35
428.5
PREC Community Baseline Approach
179
$550
2,406 kWh
$4.37
430.6
How do we transfer this information to the public?
06_GG_Map-Stillwind2Phases.jpg
11_GG_Map-Stillwind-Home5227SW79thTer.jpg
13_GG_DetailsElectricity-Stillwind-Home5227SW79thTer.jpg
13_GG_DetailsElectricity-Stillwind-Home5227SW79thTer.jpg
12_GG_Map-Stillwind-Home8006SW51stBlvd.jpg
14_GG_DetailsElectricity-Stillwind-Home8006SW51stBlvd.jpg
14_GG_DetailsElectricity-Stillwind-Home8006SW51stBlvd.jpg
3_GG_DetailsCO2-ComparingSimilarVsHome1417NW21stAve_Alt.jpg
My House
5_GG_DetailsCO2-ComparingFriendsVsHome1417NW21stAve_Alt.jpg
My House
Decision Engine
Now that people have the information what can they do with it?
The Compare and Conserve platform was designed to allow customers to gain a greater understanding of their energy use and how they may be able to reduce their consumption.
Current DSM Strategy:Duct Sealing Program
•Utility gives homeowners $200 to help pay for duct sealing.
•Paid as a rebate after the work is done.
•Post retrofit, diagnostic testing is performed to ensure that minimum standards are met for duct leakage.
•Results vary.
Strategy: Duct Sealing
Strategy: Duct Sealing
User Feedback
•Homeowners, Builders, Real Estate Agents, Energy Consultants, Financial Professionals
•No problems with privacy
•Comparisons in Dollars
•More clarity on how homes are compared
•Controls and customization of camparisons
Future Use
•Incorporate Focus Group Feedback
•Platform for Program Feedback
oThe system is automated to track customers that receive utility incentives for energy efficiency upgrades. This data can then help other homeowners decide if similar upgrade may be necessary and effective in their own homes.
•Continue to refine analytics and tools for building user knowledge.
•Providing support for retrofit loan program in Central Florida.
Questionsand CommentsNick TaylorUniversity of Florida Program for Resource Efficient Communitiesnwtaylor@ufl.edu
Energy, Climate & Values
Brian F. Keane
BuildingEnergy08
Energy, Climate & Values
Joel N. Gordes
BuildingEnergy08
Enterprise Energy Management System for State Facilities (EEMS)
Eric Friedman
BuildingEnergy 11
Creating A Greener Energy Future For the Commonwealth
Enterprise Energy Management System for State Facilities(EEMS)
Eric Friedman, Director, Leading By Example Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources
Key Points
•Current Situation in Massachusetts
•EEMS Defined
•EEMS Program
•EEMS Benefits
•EEMS Current Status
2
Current Situation in Massachusetts
•Commonwealth owns and operates 65 million square feet of buildings across hundreds of campuses
•Tracking energy use occurs inconsistently and only through utility bills on a monthly basis
•Where tracking does happen, sites cannot track down to the building level as many buildings do not have their own utility meters
3
UMass Lowell Campus alone consists of 2.8 million square feet, 3 distinct campuses, 46 buildings, 15 electric meters
UML Campus Map
Current Situation (con't.)
•Energy spend in the hundreds of millions of dollars annually
•For most properties, unable to identify building energy use and cannot therefore identify poor energy performers
•Monthly energy data ok for tracking but not for real-time response to anomalies or operational issues
4
400,856,414
411,575,216
412,168,282
420,603,812
441,988,898
428,572,909
453,981,844
449,627,845
0
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
300,000,000
350,000,000
400,000,000
450,000,000
500,000,000
FY02
FY03
FY04
FY05
FY06
FY07
FY08
FY09
KWH
Fiscal Year
Higher Ed Electricity Consumption FY02-FY09
Community Colleges
State colleges and universities use close to 450 million kWh annually, costing more than $65 million annually
5
EEMS Program
DOER elected to target $10 million of federal stimulus (ARRA) funds toward the development of a state government wide Enterprise Energy Management System to meter energy consumption at the building level and provide real-time energy data to help maximize efficiency through improved long-term planning and short-term response.
-Phase 1: Building metering and EEMS application at 410 buildings/17 million square feet of state buildings
-Phase 2: Pending funding, additional 40-50 million square feet of state buildings
What is EEMS?
1.Near real-time (5 minute) building-level usage data for electricity, natural gas, oil, steam, condensate, propane, hot and chilled water
2. Access to web-enabled software application that tracks, trends, benchmarks, and reports on energy consumption data to drive energy efficiency
32 Facilities
410 Buildings
1178 Sub-meters
531 Electric
287 Natural Gas
23 Chilled Water
229 Steam
25 Renewable
83 Fuel Oil
17 Million Square Feet
15 Prison Complexes
10 College Campuses
6 Hospitals
1 Veterans Home
7
Enterprise Energy Management SystemPhase 1 Sites
Higher Ed•Berkshire Community College
•Bunker Hill Community College
•Cape Cod Community College
•Fitchburg State University
•Mass. College of Art
•Mass. Maritime Academy
•Quinsigamond Community College
•Salem State University
•UMass Lowell
•Westfield State University
Health & Human Services•Mass. Hospital School
•Shattuck Hospital
•Tewksbury State Hospital
•Western Mass. Hospital
•Chelsea Soldiers' Home
Department of Correction•Bay State Correctional
•Boston Pre-Release Center
•MCI Cedar Junction
•MCI Concord
•MCI Norfolk
•MCI Plymouth
•Northeastern Correctional
•Pondville Correctional
•Bridgewater complex
•Framingham complex
•Shirley complex
8
EEMS Benefits
Data from the EEMS is collected in a central software portal, which will provide:
•Relevant data to state program managers to help target efficiency fundingto buildings and sites that are large energy users
•Actionable data to individual facility managers, who can use the data to identify buildings that are performing poorly and react to real time information that identifies energy spikes or problems
•Bill auditing resulting in potential reductions and utility rebates
•Carbon tracking with reporting functionalities
•Threshold settings and alarms to facilities staff
Savings Examples
•EEMS can show high electric demand during morning which can lead to staggered equipment turn-on, resulting in lower demand charges
•EEMS can show whether lighting is being turned off at night/weekends and lead to immediate action
•EEMS can show whether BMS schedules have been over-ridden for an event and not re-set and lead to appropriate re-scheduling
•EEMS can highlight which buildings are less/more efficient and help staff target repairs, building commissioning, etc.
9
Anticipate EEMS will result in 5-15% energy savings
Current Status -March 2011
•Metering underway at 17 out of 22 large complexes
•Target Date for Completion of Metering Installation: June 2010
10
Contact
Eric Friedman
Director, Leading By Example Program
Eric.Friedman@state.ma.us
(617) 626-1034
Envelope Retrofits in Commercial and Institutional Buildings
Larry Harmon
BuildingEnergy10
Evaluating Air Exchange Rates In Multifamily Buildings: Why Ach Is Not Enough
Courtney Moriarta
BuildingEnergy08
Extremely High Performance Homes . . . A Few Years On: Measuring Energy Use
Michael Duclos
BuildingEnergy 11
Extremely High Performance Homes: A few years on ...
Measuring Energy Use
Mike Duclos
DEAP Energy Group, LLC
mduclos@deapgroup.com
NESEAis a registered provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members will be mailed at the completion of the conference.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
MA Zero Energy Challenge Winner
C:\AllPix\General_2010\A_EEA_PresentationsPublicity\NESEA_ZeroNet\ZeroNetHouse.jpg
NESEA 2010 Zero Net Energy Award
C:\AllPix\General_2010\A_EEA_PresentationsPublicity\NESEA_ZeroNet\ZeroNetHouse.jpg
Montague Urban Homestead
•Double stud, DPCE R42
•R100 CE flat attic
•6" XPS = R30 on 5 sides of slab on grade
•ECM HRV, apparent sensible effectiveness 79%
•Ductless mini split, 9 KBTU/Hr
•East, West, North glazing U 0.12, SHGC 0.37
•South glazing U 0.21, SHGC .68
•Solar Thermal air panel 18 KBTU/Day
•2 Flat plates, 80 gal. tank, instant electric DHW
•4.94 KW PV
REMRate vs. Actual Energy Use
REM_vs_Actual_Annual Consumption.JPG
REM_vs_Actual_Annual Consumption.JPG
REMRate vs. Actual Energy Use
REM_vs_Actual_Annual Consumption.JPG
REMRate vs. Actual Energy Use
Montague Use & Production
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
KWh
Elec. Produced
Elec. Used
Montague Urban Hometead -2009
PV Production
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
5
10
2010
2009
PV Watts_NS
PV Watts_WS
Entech
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
2010
2009
PV Watts_NS
PV Watts_WS
Entech
REMRate
REMRate Modeling
ComponentConsumptionSummaryHeatingSeason.JPG
Two Circuits + In/Out Temp Data ...
HOBO_InPanel.JPG
Spreadsheet Analysis
Friedman_SpreadsheetAnalysis_w_Graph.JPG
Whole house Energy Monitoring
MainsClamps.JPG
OpticallyCoupledMeter.JPG
TED_Display.JPG
GooglePowerMeter.JPG
Per Circuit Monitoring
Montague_eMonitor_Installation.JPG
Per Circuit Monitoring
eMonitorSmallClamp.JPG
eMonitorMainslClamps.JPG
Exported Data
Montague_SolarDHW_Feb9.JPG
Monitored Circuits
•Mains
•PV
•Instantaneous DHW
•Solar DHW pump
•ASHP
•HRV, HRV Heater
•Solar air panel fan
•Fridge
•Miscellaneous plug loads and lights
Solar DHW Pump -Why ?
Montague_SolarDHW_Feb9.JPG
Air Source Heat Pump
Montague_eMonitor_Installation.JPG
Air Source Heat Pump, Nov 28 -?
Montague_eMonitor_Installation.JPG
Power Factor
Montague_eMonitor_Installation.JPG
Power Factor
Montague_eMonitor_Installation.JPG
ASHP, Jan 23, 2011
ASHP_Jan23_AM.JPG
ASHP off, Feb2-9, 2011
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
2/2
2/3
2/4
2/5
2/6
2/7
2/8
2/9
2/10
2/11
ASHP @60F, Feb22-28, 2011
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
2/21
2/22
2/23
2/24
2/25
2/26
2/27
2/28
3/1
3/2
ASHP @60F, Feb22-28, 2011
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
2/21
2/22
2/23
2/24
2/25
2/26
2/27
2/28
3/1
3/2
Energy Management Strategies
•Windows have R6 thermal shutters
•Operate bedroom doors on left and right sides of main living area
•Turn off ASHP when absent
•Conserve Domestic Hot Water
•Conserve lighting and plug loads
•Fridge -34 KWHR/YR
Lessons Learned
•Carefully evaluate new tools
•Design data collection thoughtfully ...
•Evaluate data early !
•Analysis can take more time than you expect
•Problem identification and isolation can be challenging
•Capture detail of projects under construction
•Use a more detailed simulator
•When locating the ASHP compressor ...
... consider snow !
ASHP_Compressor.JPG
Compressor
ASHP_Compressor.JPG
REMRate -No inputs for
•PV or solar DHW shading
•Solar DHW pump energy
•HRV/ERV to outside duct length, insulation
•Explicit thermal bridges -solar air panel, etc.
•Window installation thermal bridges psi
•Detailed climate data
•Other details very important to SI buildings
Future Work
•Characterize output of solar air panel
•Characterize thermal bridge of solar air panel
•Details of ventilation system routing, length
•Characterize top plate 'fire block' thermal bridge
•Model with PHPP
Thank you ! Questions ?
Mike Duclos
DEAP Energy Group, LLC
mduclos@deapgroup.com
MontagueExteriorSnow.JPG
Backup Slides
ASHP COP Calculation, February
REM Lights & Appliances Load Estimate MMBTU/Yr
12.8
REM Lights & Appliances Load Estimate MMBTU/Feb
0.9819
REM Lights & Appliances Load Estimate KWHR/Feb
287.7
Actual Lights & Appliances Load KWHR / Feb
26.0
REM Excess Lights & Appliances Load KWHR/Feb
261.7
REM Heating Load & 'Missing' Lights & Appliances Load
507.5
ASHP Measured Energy Feb KWHR
138.27
ASHP COP calculated from REM Load & Measured Energy
3.67
Interpolated COP, KORE temp data, ASHP Eng. Data
3.08
PV Production
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2010
2009
PV Watts_NS
PV Watts_WS
Energy Monitoring
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2/10
2/10
2/11
2/11
2/12
2/12
2/13
2/13
2/14
Ext Temp
LivRm
MasBath
GuestBed
Bsmt
1st Bath
1stDuctless
ASHP-CH1
DHW-CH2
Extremely High Performance Houses . . . A Few Years On
Bruce Coldham
BuildingEnergy 11
CH-transparent
Render_SW-trees
Designing & Building
a Zero Annual Net Energy House
NESEA Building Energy Conference -March 2007
Bruce Coldham, Coldham & Hartman Architects, Amherst MA
CH-transparent
RIMG0085
Extremely high performance houses ...a few years on
Moomaw HouseWilliamstown, MA
NESEA Building Energy Conference -March 2011
CH-transparent
RIMG0088
CH-transparent
Resize of C12U6660
CH-transparent
First Floor
Second Floor
Foundation-Plan_XS
Second Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
Basement Plan
GUEST ROOM
MAIN HOUSE
SCREENED PORCH
N
Floor Plans -
Resize of C12U6543
Resize of C12U6434
CH-transparent
LarsenTruss8
The selected wall system -Larsen Truss over 2 x 4 load bearing stud wall
CH-transparent
RIMG0038
The Larsen Truss wall system -insulated wall
Damp-spray cellulose
1 1/2" foil-faced polyios. rigid insulation with blown-in cellulose behind ("hot" unvented roof)
TESTED AIR TIGHTNESS:476 CFM @ 50 Pa0.95 ACH @ 50 PA0.06 ACH Natural
ELA/100sq.ft. shell area = 0.44 sq. in.
CH-transparent
RIMG0020
RIMG0013
The basement wall insulation -rigid insulation only
2" of readily available foil-faced rigid insulation ..
... overlayed with an additional 1" of „Thermax. foil-faced rigid insulation providing an "integral thermal barrier"
CH-transparent
mechanical 1
The heating and DHW system -
Photo_HeatEquipt-0701126
CH-transparent
MoomawCOP
CH-transparent
IBACOS-MoomawCOP
CH-transparent
PetersenControlsSequence
Lessons learned -specifying controlswith ground sourced heat pump systems, the controls need more than a specified "sequence of operations" if you want the most performance out of the system
CH-transparent
MoomawControls-Shapiro
Lessons learned -specifying controls something like this.... (by Andy Shapiro)
CH-transparent
RIMG0093
CH-transparent
Moomaw-View-West
Designing & Building
a Zero Annual Net Energy House
www.coldhamandhartman.com
Current projects
Moomaw House
CH-transparent
Site Plan -
Site_Plan
Financing Deep Energy Retrofits
Sadie McKeown
BuildingEnergy10
Financing DERs - Challenges and Opportunities
Doug Snyder, LEED AP
BuildingEnergy10
Fixing Homes: The Top 10 Most Effective Ways To Reduce Energy Costs
Peter G. Talmage
BuildingEnergy07
Footprinting: Methodologies & Tools
Jim Merkel
BuildingEnergy08
Footprinting: Methodologies & Tools
Julian Parsley
BuildingEnergy08
Fossil-Free Heating: Biomass for Commercial Buildings, Heating and Cooling
Stephen David
BuildingEnergy10
Fox Islands Wind: A Case Study of Community Ownership
George Baker
BuildingEnergy10
From Post-Industrial Wasteland to Urban Oasis: One Building at a Time
John Jacobson
NE Sun Fall, 2009
Fuel Cell and Storage: The Path Forward
Joel Rinebold
1
Joel M. Rinebold
Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc.
Fuel Cells and Storage: The Path ForwardRenewable Energy, Storage, and SustainabilityMarch 10, 2011
2
•Reduced emissions of greenhouse gases and primary air pollutants
•Provides an energy storage solution for integration with other renewable technologies.
•Provides economic benefits and jobs in the region
•New generation capacity to meet projected electric consumption demands
•Growth of peak electric demand
•Increased energy efficiency required (oil cost/$bbl)
•Renewable Portfolio Standards
Why Hydrogen and Fuel Cells?
3
•US Department of Energy (DOE):Educate stakeholders to encourage and promote the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology in early market applications.
•US Small Business Administration (SBA):Enhance and expand an emerging, but highly functional hydrogen and fuel cell regional cluster centered in the northeast United States.
Federal Support
4
DOE Program -Project Scope
DOE Roadmap States resized
5
•Strategic Market Assessment
•Mapping of Target Locations
•Toolbox for "Roadmap" Construction
•Educate and assist key stakeholders
•Train individuals on models
•Guidance for technology deployment
DOE " Roadmap" Program
6
•A mature global market could generate between $43 and $139 billion annually.
•If the region captures a significant share of the distributed generation and transportation markets, revenues could be between $14 and $54 billion annually.
•A mature market would require an employment base of tens of thousands.
•Current Hydrogen and fuel cell industry in the region
-25 OEM level businesses with $225 million/yr revenue and 1,923 employees
-1,063 supply chain member organizations
Strategic Market Assessment
7
8 State Region
Strategic Market Assessment
8
•Electric Generation
•Transportation
•Hydrogen Refueling
J:\Energy_Initiative\photos\Renewable Projects - locations\UTC Pics\So_Windsor_CT_SWHS_2.jpg
J:\Energy_Initiative\photos\fuel cell vehicles\Bus\HydrogenBus_07APR10\fuel cell bus 6-29-07.JPG
Grand Opening 001 (3)
Strategic Market Assessment
9
Electric Generation: Fuel Cell Power Facility
•Energy Efficiency (50% to 90%)
•High Availability Factor (24/7 .93%)
•High Productivity (CHP and CHHP)
•Low Carbon Emissions
J:\Energy_Initiative\photos\Renewable Projects - locations\090617_Gills_Onions_Facilities_023 (2).jpg
J:\Energy_Initiative\photos\Renewable Projects - locations\pepperidge\pepperidge 9-28-06 001.jpg
J:\Energy_Initiative\photos\Renewable Projects - locations\UTC Pics\So_Windsor_CT_SWHS_2.jpg
10
Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Transportation
•Zero Carbon Emissions
•Safe
•Efficient
-Transit
•12.4 mpge
-Passenger
•62 mpge
11
Hydrogen Refueling
•High Efficiency
•Fast Fill
•Safe
•Zero Carbon Emissions
Grand Opening 001 (3)
12
Mapping Strategic Targets
13
Mapping Strategic Targets
14
Mapping Strategic Targets
15
Regional Resource Center -Online Models
•Economic/Cost Model
-Heating and Electricity Cost Savings
•Energy Management Model
-Efficiency Benefits
•Distributed Technology Comparison
-Compares Fuel Cells to Other Technologies
•Hydrogen Generation from Renewable Technology
-Cost of Hydrogen from Renewable Resources
•Environmental Model
-Stationary and Transportation Emissions
Toolbox for Roadmap Construction
16
Economic/Cost Model
17
Energy Management Model
18
Distributed Technology Comparison
19
Hydrogen Generation Potential
20
Hydrogen Generation
21
Environmental Model
22
Environmental Model
23
Case Studies
Pepperidge Farm, Bloomfield CT 1
• In 2006, Pepperidge Farms installed a 250-kW FuelCell Energy fuel cell at its Bloomfield, Connecticut plant. The fuel cell supplied about 13% of the total electrical needs for the 260,000-square foot (sq. ft.) plant.
• In 2008, Pepperidge Farms installed a second, larger, 1.2-MW fuel cell, also manufactured by FuelCell Energy, which supplies about 57% of the total electrical needs for the bakery. Together, the two fuel cells provide about 70% of the required electricity and generate onsite electricity 24/7.
Expected Annual Electricity Generation (kWh):11,431,800 combined
Annual Emissions Avoided (lbs.) 2
CO2 CO NOX SO2
11.4 million7,5115,99023,206
1 -The Business Case for Fuel Cells: Why Top Companies are Purchasing Fuel Cells Today, FuelCells 2000, September 20102 -http://www.ctcleanenergy.com/YourBusinessorInstitution/CommercialInstallations/ManufacturingInstallations/PepperidgeFarms/tabid/462/Default.aspx
24
Case Studies
Midddletown-High-School-Fuel-Cell-B-WEB
Middletown High School, Middletown CT1
• In 2008, a 200 kW phosphoric acid fuel cell was supplied by UTC Power of South Windsor, Connecticut.It provides approximately 48% of the estimated baseload electricity requirements for the school and will supply heat to the swimming pool and the school's space heating system.Additionally, the fuel cell will provide grid-independent power to support the school's function as an emergency shelter at times when the electric grid is unavailable.
Annual Emissions Avoided (lbs.) CO2 CO NOX SO2244,404 1,036 8263,201
Expected Annual Electricity Generation (kWh):1,576,800
1 -http://www.ctcleanenergy.com/YourBusinessorInstitution/CommercialInstallations/SchoolsandEducationalFacilities/MiddletownHighSchool/tabid/472/Default.aspx
25
Case Studies
H. E. Butt Groceries, San Antonio, TX1• In 2009, Nuvera announced that H-E-B would deploy 14 Nuvera PowerEdgeTMfuel cell systems for Class 2 reach trucks, along with a PowerTapTMHydrogen Generator and Hydrogen Station at the Perishables Distribution Center. Funding was provided to Nuvera from the Recovery Act.• The project will enable H-E-B to validate lifecycle cost projections, productivity gains, and environmental benefits of the fuel cell forklifts and fueling infrastructure.
Emissions Avoided2It is expected that CO2 emissions would be reduced by approximately 34% compared to power from the grid.
1 -The Business Case for Fuel Cells: Why Top Companies are Purchasing Fuel Cells Today, FuelCells 2000, September 20102 -Nuvera Press Release, June 11, 2009; http://www.nuvera.com/blog/?p=724
26
Case Studies
DSC_6366
•New England's first zero-emission fuel cell-powered hybrid bus made its debut in Connecticut on April 10, 2007. The bus immediately entered CTTRANSIT service and operates on the free downtown Hartford Star Shuttle route.
•The increased efficiency of using fuel cells and hydrogen for transportation has resulted in significant fuel savings. The operation of the CTTransit's fleet of hydrogen-fueled fuel cell buses will use approximately 37,000 kg of hydrogen each year and completely displace approximately 49,000 gallons of diesel fuel annually.
Possible Emission Reductions from Replacement of a Conventional Diesel
Transit Bus(lbs/year) 2
CO2 NOX SO2
182,9841,019.91.746
CTTransit, Hartford, CT1
1-Connecticut Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Deployment Transportation Strategy: 2011-2050, CT Department of Transportation and the Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc., January 2011
CTTransit, Hartford, CT1
27
The SunHydro fueling station, developed in 2010, features both 350 bar (5,000 psi) and 700 bar (10,000 psi) dispensing. The capacity of the SunHydro fueling station is 100 kg/day, which will support approximately 15 cars per day or 2 transit buses.
The power used to make the hydrogen comes from a combination of renewable (there is 75 kW PV installed at the site) and grid power.
Case Studies
SunHydro, Wallingford, CT1
Grand Opening 001 (3)
Possible Emission Reductions from Replacement of a Conventional Gasoline
Powered Passenger Car(lbs/year) 2
CO2 NOX SO2
10,169 26.2.192
1-Connecticut Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Deployment Transportation Strategy: 2011-2050, CT Department of Transportation and CCAT, January 20112 -This assumes hydrogen generated completely from renewable resources
28
Joel M. Rinebold
Director of Energy Initiatives
Telephone: (860) 291-8832
Email: jrinebold@ccat.us
Web: www.ccat.us
Connecticut Center for Advanced
Technology (CCAT)
Acknowledgment
DOE logo
sba%20logo%202
Fuel Cells: The Path Forward
Gregory Moreland
1| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
eere.energy.gov
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1
NESEAis a registered provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be recorded to CESRecords for AIAmembers. Certificates of Completion for non-AIAmembers are available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CESfor continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIAof any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
2| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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2
Learning ObjectivesFuel Cell Session
.Understand how hydrogen and fuel cells can deliver Combined Heat and Power
.Understand where we stand on fuel cell technologies
.Be familiar with some fuel cell development paths and projects
.Understand how fuel cells may leverage development of green communities
3| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Fuel Cell Technologies Program
Fuel Cells: The Path Forward
NESEA Building Energy 11 Conference
Track 3 -New Renewables
Greg Moreland
SRA International
Contractor Support for
U.S. Department of Energy
Fuel Cell Technologies Program
March 10, 2011
fuel cell graphic -- H2 overview book
4| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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•Overview
-Applications
-Policies
-Examples of Deployments in Response to Policies
-Federal Government Purchase Mandates
•Collaborations
-Overall DOE Activities
-Federal Interagency Coordination
-DOE-DOD MOU
•DOE-Supported Deployments
-With Industry (American Reinvestment and Recovery Act)
-With Government (Market Transformation Funding)
•Upcoming DOE-Supported Projects
Agenda
5| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
eere.energy.gov
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Fuel Cells for Diverse Applications
•Trains
•Trucks
•Aircraft
•Ships
Hydrogen
Renewable Resources
(wind, solar, biomass)
Nuclear
Natural Gas
Coal
(with carbon sequestration)
Diverse EnergySources & Fuels
Clean, Efficient
Energy Conversion
Diverse Applications
Biomass
Stationary Power
Transportation
Portable Power
•Primary Power & CHP (residential, commercial, industrial)
Auxiliary Power
Motive Power
•Consumer Electronics
•Battery Chargers
•Soldier Power
Hydrogen
Natural GasPropaneDieselOther Hydrocarbons
MethaneMethanol
hydrogen
Fuel Cells.Alkaline
.Direct Methanol
.Molten Carbonate
.Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM)
.Phosphoric Acid
.Solid Oxide
Conventional Fuels
•Specialty Vehicles (e.g. forklifts)
•Buses
•Automobiles
•Backup Power
Fuel Cells or Turbines
Energy Storage for Renewable Electricity
Intermittent Renewables
(solar, wind, ocean)
H2
C:\Documents and Settings\Kathleen Omalley\Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files\Content.IE5\GHQF0P6R\MC900312142[2].wmf
Grid Power or Distributed Power
6| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Modified Accelerated Cost-Recovery System (MACRS)
The Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010
Fuel cell property placed in service between 9/8/2010 1/1/2012 qualifies for 100% first-year bonus depreciation. For 2012, bonus depreciation is still available, but at 50% of the eligible basis.
The property must have a recovery period of 20 years or less under normal federal tax depreciation rules and been acquired and placed in service between 2008 -2012.
Loan Guarantee Program
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Amount varies. Program focuses on projects with total project costs over $25 million.
Full repayment is required over a period not to exceed the lesser of 30 years or 90% of the projected useful life of the physical asset to be financed.
Grants for Energy Property in Lieu of Tax Credits
American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009
Allows facilities with insufficient tax liability to apply for a grant instead of claiming the Investment Tax Credit (ITC) or Production Tax Credit (PTC). Only entities that pay taxes are eligible.
Capped at $1,500 per 0.5 kilowatt (kW) in capacity. Fuel cells must be greater than 0.5 kW and CHP 50MW or less. Construction must begin by expiration date, 12/31/2011.
Residential Renewable Energy Credit
American Recovery & Reinvestment Act of 2009
30% tax credit. Fuel cell maximum: $500 per 0.5 kW
Raises ITC dollar cap for residential fuel cells in joint occupancy dwellings to $3,334/kW.
Fuel cells must have electricity-only generation efficiency greater than 30% and 0.5 kW minimum. Expires Dec. 31, 2016.
Investment Tax Credit
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
Offers tax credit of 30% for qualified fuel cell property or $3,000/kW of the fuel cell nameplate capacity. Feature a 10% credit for combined-heat-and-power-system property.
Equipment must be installed by Dec. 31, 2016.
Federal Policies Promoting Fuel Cells
7| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Federal incentives, including §1603 grant-in-lieu of tax credit and §48, have helped facilitate commercial transition to fuel cell forklifts.
Examples1:
•$660K: Central Grocers (Joliet, IL)
•$420K: United Natural Foods (Sarasota, FL)
•$600K: Sysco Foods (Houston, TX)
•$620K: Wegmans(Pottsville, PA)
•$320K: Kimberly Clark (Graniteville, SC)
•$400K: Coca-Cola Bottling (Charlotte, NC)
•$390K: Whole Foods (Landover, MD)
Other examples: H-E-B, Walmart, and more
Forklift Deployment Examples
Super Store Industries -First Grocery Warehouse and Distributor to Deploy Methanol Fuel Cells for Material Handling Equipment
1Source: Plug Power
8| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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The Food Industry is an emerging market for stationary fuel cells
Announced Supermarket Deployments: Nine Sites Include •Whole Foods (CA,CT,MA)
-3 sites, 400kW each
•Price Chopper (NY,CT)
-3 sites, 400kW each
•SUPERVALU (MA,CA)
-2 sites, 400kW each
•Ahold(CT, Stop & Shop)
-1 site, 400kW
•Completed Food Producer Deployments:
•Coca-Cola (NY, 800 kW) -another 800 kW under construction
•Gills Onions (CA, 600 kW)
•Pepperidge Farms (CT, 1.45 MW)
•Sierra Nevada Brewery (CA, 1 MW)
CHP Deployment Examples
9| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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On October 5, 2009President Obama signed Executive Order 13514 -Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance
.Requires Agencies to:
.Set GHG reduction Targets
.Develop Strategic Sustainability Plans and provide in concert with budget submissions
.Conduct bottom up Scope 1, 2 and 3 baselines
.Track performance
Examples:
.Achieve 30% reduction in vehicle fleet petroleum use by 2020
.Requires15% of buildings meet the Guiding Principles for High Performance and Sustainable Buildingsby 2015
.Design all new Federal buildings which begin the planning process by 2020 to achieve zero-net energy by 2030
Potential opportunities for fuel cells and other clean energy technologies....
CEQ-sign.jpg
Executive Order 13514
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/regulations/eo13514.html
10| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Collaborations
Agenda
11| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Collaborations
DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Program*-Applied RD&D
-Efforts to Overcome Non-Technical Barriers
-Internal Collaboration with Fossil Energy, Nuclear Energy and Basic Energy Sciences
Federal Agencies
Industry Partnerships & Stakeholder Assn's.•FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership
•Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association (FCHEA)
•Hydrogen Utility Group
•~ 65 projects with 50 companies
Universities
~ 50 projects with 40 universities
State & Regional Partnerships•California Fuel Cell Partnership
•California Stationary Fuel Cell Collaborative
•SC H2& Fuel Cell Alliance
•Upper Midwest Hydrogen Initiative
•Ohio Fuel Coalition
•Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology
•DOC
•DOD
•DOE
•DOT
•EPA
•GSA
•DOI
•DHS
P&D= Production & Delivery; S= Storage; FC = Fuel Cells; A= Analysis; SC&S= Safety, Codes & Standards; TV= Technology Validation, MN= Manufacturing
International•IEA Implementing agreements -25 countries
•International Partnership for Hydrogen & Fuel Cells in the Economy -17 countries & EC, 30 projects
-Interagency coordination through staff-level Interagency Working Group (meets monthly)
-Assistant Secretary-level Interagency Task Force mandated by EPACT 2005.
•NASA
•NSF
•USDA
•USPS
* Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
National Laboratories
National Renewable Energy LaboratoryP&D, S, FC, A, SC&S, TV, MNArgonneA, FC, P&D, SC&SLos AlamosS, FC, SC&S
SandiaP&D, S, SC&S
Pacific NorthwestP&D, S, FC, SC&S, A
Oak Ridge P&D, S, FC, A, SC&S
Lawrence Berkeley FC, A
Other Federal Labs: Jet Propulsion Lab, National Institute of Standards & Technology, National Energy Technology Lab (NETL)
Lawrence Livermore P&D, S, SC&SSavannah River S, P&DBrookhavenS, FCIdaho National LabP&D
12| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Purpose: •To begin discussing collaboration across DOD and DOE in keeping with the MOU
•To motivate RD&D for APU applicationsNext Steps
•Identify specific POCs for DOD activities (RED DOTS)
•Develop GSE Strategic Demo Plan
Enhance Energy Security MOU
The purpose of this MOU is to identify a framework for cooperation and partnership between DOE and DOD to strengthen coordination of efforts to enhance national energy security, and demonstrate Government leadership in transitioning America to a low carbon economy.
Aviation APUs Workshop
Waste-to-Energy Workshop: 1/13/2011
DOD-DOE MOU
Shipboard APUs Workshop
Purpose: •To identify DOD-DOE waste-to-energy and fuel cells opportunities
•To identify challenge and determine actions to address them Next Steps
•Set up an on-going WG to begin coordination, collaboration, assistance
•Develop a guidance document for Feds using third party financing
•March 2011
•Organized by ONR
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13| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Deployments
14| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Market Transformation Deployments
2009 Deployments ($5 Million)•44 EBU Units2010 Deployment ($15 Million)
•5 Mobile Light Stands
•75 Micro CHP Units
•95 MHE Units
•12 HICE Buses
•1 Electrolyzer
•1 Mobile Refueler
•1 Hydrogen Reformer (Landfill Gas)
Total Deployments by Type*
* Figures include Market Transformation funding only, ARRA and Other are excluded
44
5
75
95
12
3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2009
2010
Units
MT Funding Year
Market Transformation Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Deployments
(ARRA Projects Not Included)
Infrastructure*
Buses
MHE
Stationary
EBU*
15| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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ARRA Fuel Cell Units in Operation
Current and Projected Quantities
ARRA deployment numbers graph2.bmp
*Compiled using data from National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
Speed and Scale
Projected Operation Quantities
16| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Upcoming Projects
17| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Bundled DOD Multi Site Back-Up Power Project to Reduce Overall Cost of Deployment
Backup Power
Project Details.9 Host Sites
.20 Separate Buildings
.44 Units
.~220kW
.U.S Army Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
.U.S. Army Fort Bragg, NC
.U.S. Army Fort Hood TX
.U.S. Army National Guard Ohio
.U.S. Army PicatinnyArsenal , NJ
.NASA Ames Research Center, CA
.USMC AGGC 29 Palms, CA (2 Buildings)
.US Military Academy West Point, NY.
.Cheyenne Mountain Air Station
Advantages of Fuel Cells for Backup Power:
1.Provide longer continuous run-time, greater durability than batteries (Battery systems usually run 4 -8 hrs, and have to be replaced every 3-5 years, while fuel cell runtime is limited only by storage capacity, and they could last 15 years or more, depending on actual use).
2.Require less maintenance than batteries or generators (estimated routine maintenance of two hours per year for fuel cell and eight hours per year for batteries and generators)
3.Can be remotely monitored
4.Can provide substantial cost-savings over battery-generator systems (nearly 25% reduction in lifecycle costs for a 5-kW, 52-hour backup-power system)*
Plug Power units at Ft. Jackson
*SOURCE: Identification and Characterization of Near-Term Direct Hydrogen Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel
Cell Markets, Battelle Memorial Institute, 2007 (www.hydrogenandfuelcells.energy.gov/fc_publications.html)
18| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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DSCN0100
.Potential Fuel Savings using Fuel Cells to replace auxiliary gas turbines in Aircraft
.Potential Fuel Savings using Fuel Cells to replace gas turbine powered Ground Support Equipment(GSE)
Next Steps:
1.Workshop to identify Challenges
2.FC APU Systems Integration Analysis
3.Joint DOE -DOD Solicitation driving development collaboration with industry. DOD and Industry prototype testing to begin 2013.
DOD -Fuel Cell Opportunities
Source: Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on DoDEnergy Strategy, February 2008
Air Force (AMC) Energy Reduction
Navy Energy Reduction
.Potential Fuel Savings using Shipboard Fuel Cell to replace auxiliary gas turbines
.Future Opportunities: Fuel savings for DDG 51 ship class with mechanical drive or hybrid electric drive:
.Biofuelreforming would improve power density and performance, and help achieve SECNAV energy goals and sail Great Green Fleet in 2016.Next Steps: Joint DOE (fuel cell R&D)-ONR (biofuelprocessing) collaboration proposed to address key RD&D challenges & demonstrate fuel cell prototype on reformed biofuelby 2014.
Air National Guard Energy Reduction
.Potential Fuel Savings using Fuel Cells as Prime Power and Heat (~2 MW Hrs per year per base)Next Steps: Develop and commission demonstration project using Fuel Cells for Combined Heat and Power at JFTB Los Alamitos, CA.
EfaAGEfamily_nl.jpg
DoDEnergy Consumption by Type of Fuel
19| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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This year's focus
•Evaluate APUs size and configurations of fuel cell systems and scenarios.
•Evaluate technologies to provide peak power (PEM, high-temp. PEM, ultra-capacitors, turbines, batteries, etc.)
•Identify and quantify efficiency, cost, and emissions benefits of fuel cells in practice
To date
•Aircraft Working Group
•Aircraft APU Workshop
•Begin analysis with PNNL/SNL
•Launched SBIR topic
•Issued RFI topic
Aircraft APUs
http://www.civav.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Boeing-787.jpg
Boeing 787
Benefits of FCAPUs.Increased efficiency
.Reduced emissions
.On-board water generation
.Combined-heat-and-power opportunities
.Reduced generator size & weight
Goal
•Develop a comprehensive hydrogen and fuel cell approach for aircraft
•Including onboard APU, GSE, ground transportation, and mobile lighting
Fuel cell APUs can help provide on-board electrical power on aircraft, reducing emissions and increasing efficienciesfor airplanes as the industry moves toward a more electrical architecture.
20| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Ground Support Equipment
Advantages.Zero NOxand PM (5.6 NOxand 0.6g/hp-hr PM for ICE powered GSE)*
.Very quiet-43 dB noise level at 23 ft (PEM 5kW mobile light stand)
Dallas Fort Worth International Airport NOx Emission Source Categories
Emerging Market Opportunity.Fuel Cells can be applied to a variety of airport applications:
.Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)
.Ground Power Units (GPUs)
.Primary and Emergency Power
.Gate handling equipment
.Conveyors, fuel trucks, catering vehicles, water trucks, mobile lighting
.Road VehiclesMarket Potential
.Total GSE units of up to 100k which will need to be upgraded by 2030
.Policy Supporting Fuel Cells: FAA Voluntary Airport Low Emission (VALE) program
.Large-hub Airport funding up to 75% of eligible costs through Airport Improvement Program (AIP) grants for commercial deployments.
*Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling .Compression-Ignition, July 2010. EPA, http://www.epa.gov/oms/models/nonrdmdl/nonrdmdl2010/420r10018.pdf
21| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Combining modern PEM fuel cells and high efficiency plasma lighting, fuel cell mobile lighting provides superior performance.
Next Steps
•Real World deployments at SFO, State DOT (CA, CT), and the entertainment industry
•Publicize and further commercialize
•Continue to improve technology
Fuel Cell Mobile Lighting
Benefits of Fuel Cell Mobile Lighting.40 hour duration (lighting)
.3 kW of AC power available
.Illuminates 50 ydsx 75 yds
.Suitable for indoor/outdoor use
.Very quiet! 43 dB noise level at 23 ft
Fuel Cell Mobile Light used at 2011 Golden Globe Awards (courtesy of SNL)
22| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Landfills generate landfill gas (LFG) from active microorganisms interacting with the waste. This gas can be converted into hydrogen and used to provide energy or fuel, effectively turning trash into power.
Landfill Gas Purification Project
BMW Manufacturing site.Courtesy of Waste Management World
Landfill Gas to Hydrogen Benefits.Reduced emissions
.Additional power supply
.Additional vehicle fuel source
http://images.pennnet.com/articles/wmw/cap/cap_0608wmwspartanburg_bmw.jpg
Goal
•Compare LFG-produced hydrogen and delivered hydrogen in "real world" evaluation of MHE equipment.
23| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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fort sumter aerial view
23
Micro Grid: Fort Sumter National Monument
DOE is funding feasibility study of potential for on-site generation of electricity from renewable sources
Micro Grid Project to include solar PV array and backup power fuel cells to support on-site operations.
Hydrogen to be generated on-site via water electolysis using electricity from solar PV array.
Visitor Center and Offices (magnified view from entrance)
fort sumter office
24| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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•"Green Communities" Goal -To leverage
-residential, mixed-use, light commercial, municipal or state sites that have committed to mitigating their environmental impact.
-identify communities that have adopted energy efficiency and conservation plans that are capable of leveraging their existing or planned investments with the deployment of hydrogen and fuel cells systems.
Green Communities
Potential Projects
Community requires system capable of integrating with existing renewable energy generators to produce hydrogen to fuel new fuel cell bus fleet
Fuel cell co-generation plant could provide sufficient electric power and heat to meet community's requirements and help achieve energy efficiency and GHG emissions goals adopted by community.
Installation of electrolyzerwould allow community to store and sell excess renewable energy production, generating a new revenue stream and fully utilizing renewable resources.
25| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
eere.energy.gov
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Combined Heat, Hydrogen & Power (CHHP)
The cost of hydrogen production from CHHP can be comparable to distributed SMR at low volumes.
CHHP Diagram
•CHHP is an innovative approach that can :
•Help establish an initial infrastructure for fueling vehicles, with minimal investment risk
•Produce clean power and fuel for multiple applications
•The Program is demonstrating a CHHP system using biogas.
Combined Heat, Hydrogen, and Power (CHHP)
In cases where there is a low demand for hydrogen in early years of FCV deployment, CHHP may have cost advantages over on-site SMR production.
26| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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•Preliminary Test Results
•Fuel cell with water-gas shift in operation > 6,000 hours
•Tri-generation results:
•Coproduced 2 to 5 kg/hr hydrogen with > 200 kW electricity
•Estimated hydrogen recovery at 80 to 85%
•Product purity <0.2 ppm CO; <2 ppm CO2
•Operation with simulated digester gas feed
•PSA operating map developed (cycle time vs. feed rate)
•Implemented automated system to switch to CHP mode when hydrogen tanks are filled.
Fountain Valley CHHP Demonstration
DSCN0100
Public-Sector Partners:
California Air Resources Board
South Coast Air Quality Management District
2009_DOE_Logo_Color_GIF_72dpi
Schedule:•FC Operating as of December
•Digester delivered early 2011
Source: US DOE 12/2010
27| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
eere.energy.gov
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Overall Goal
To help combat large amounts of variable generation from renewable sources a grid integrated hydrogen system is proposed to use hydrogen for energy storage.
Phase 1 Components
•250 kW fuel cell system, 250 kW electrolysis system, 1 MW gaseous hydrogen compression and storage,1 MW LiOnbattery (ONR), power conditioning, modeling/analysis
Hydrogen Energy Systems from Renewables
H2Energy System Project Objectives•Provide low cost hydrogen fuel from renewablesto local transit authority
•Demonstrate electrolyzersas a grid management tool
•Ability to respond quickly to increased and decreased power loads
ONR Parallel Project
28| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
eere.energy.gov
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Micro CHP
MicroCHPcosts are becoming competitive with grid power and ROIs are estimated at under 5 yrs. Deployments will target areas where a business case can be made with pay back periods which meet industry needs.
•Next Steps
-Review proposals and make awards
-Gather material performance data.
-"Real world" evaluation and testing of equipment.
Building View 1
Project Details.50 units
.5 kW units
.Prove business case for MicroCHPapplications
29| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
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Deployments
Example of RD&D to Deployments
DOE R&D
DOE Demonstrations
& Technology Validation
DOERecovery Act Projects
Government Early Adoption (DoD, FAA, California, etc.)
What more can Government do to accelerate commercialization?
30| Fuel Cell Technologies Program Source: US DOE 3/31/2011
eere.energy.gov
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Thank youFor more information, please contactPeter.Devlin@ee.doe.govGreg_Moreland@sra.com
hydrogenandfuelcells.energy.gov
Fuel Poverty and Energy Efficiency: Getting People the Heat That They Need
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Fuel Poverty and Energy Efficiency: Getting People the Heat That They Need
Erica Stephan
BuildingEnergy09
Funding the Deep Energy Retrofit
Lawrence O. Masland
BuildingEnergy10
Getting a Community to Embrace Wind Energy
Megan Amsler
BuildingEnergy 11
Getting a Community to embrace Wind Energy
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The Town of Falmouth's Experience
•Formed Energy Committee to take stock of municipal energy consumption
•Joined ICLEI' Cities for Climate Protection program
•Completed two energy inventories 5 years apart
•Began wind project in a climate context
•Went to Town Meeting 7 times for approval for various aspects of the project
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Massachusetts' Climate Stabilization Goals
Massach